Renewable Energy Integration in Smart Grid

RENEWABLE ENERGY
INTEGRATION IN SMART GRID
Presented By
Hari Rajan.T
Final year
EEE department
OVERVIEW
 Renewable Energy
 Renewable Energy Sources
 Grid Integration
 Renewable Energy Issues
 Renewable Energy Research
 Storage
 Integration
 Prediction
The Big Picture
 Renewable energy use growing

 13% of total electricity in 2000  34.2% in 2010 (not including biogas)
 >2x growth in annual electrical energy output since 2050
Renewable Energy Sources
 Types
 Solar-electric
 Wind
 Hydroelectric
 Fuel Cell/Biomass
 Solar-heat
 Geothermal
 Uses
 Direct-electric
 Heat/combustion electric
Renewable Energy At The Load
 Load-level, distributed generation

 Solar:
 Grid Tie
 Off-grid
 Battery backup
 Varying costs:
 ₹414700- ₹20,80,597INR
 Wind:
 400-6000W commercially available systems
 Capital costs: ₹41K- ₹83K turbine costs
 Additional inverter, regulator, transmission
costs
Renewable Energy at the
Utility
 Larger sources
 Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
 Decoupled from grid, separated by:

 Storage elements
 Inverters (intermediate, grid-tie)
 Converters (step-up or step-down)
 Voltage and Phase control

 Physical control (sluice
control, turbine resistance,
heat exchanger flow
control)
 Electrical buffering
(storage, flywheels,
inversion)
 Varying cold-start &

Grid Integration – AC Generators
 Found in wind turbines, smaller hydroelectric, etc. – sources that are turbine-
connected.
 Progression:
 One-phase AC output from generator, with fine control (turbine speed, current,
excitation)
 Switching semiconductor or capacitor-based Voltage Source Converter (VSC)with
further grid adjustment control (semiconductor switching speed, current)
 Three-phase grid output
Grid Integration-Load level
Solar:
Wind:
Grid Integration – Grid-tie Inverter
 Single- or 3-phase, synchronous
inverter, to allow connection back
into the grid
 Seamless integration with utility
power in grid-connected loads:
 Pull from the grid when local
renewables are insufficient
 Push back into the grid at
overcapacity (net metering, etc.)
 Grid connect/disconnect
response time: ~100ms
Grid Integration – High-Voltage DC
 Direct-drive offshore wind + HVDC
 Efficient for offshore, due to long distances and HV generation
 Conversion downstream for grid integration or:
 (potentially) direct use for DC Micro Grids
 Thyristors: solid-state “switch” to connect HVDC to AC Grid
Renewable Energy Issus
 Efficiency:
 Solar: up to 16%
 Wind: up to 40%, realistically 20% capacity factor.
 Biofuel: 20%, though up to 80% (best CHP generation)
 Turbine-based generation suffers additional generator efficiency
 Variability!
 Try to mitigate with storage (next section) or prediction
 Grid-tied integration for immediate use
 Distribution & Transmission:

 Grid accountability for distributed integration
 Reverse power-flow support
 Variability = secondary predictive supply/demand issues for utility
providers
ENERGY STORED AND ITS
APPLICATION IN GRID
Energy Stored In Grid
Energy Stored Technologies
 Mechanical
 Pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheel
 Electromagnetic
 Super-capacitors
 Chemical
 Fossil fuel, biomass
 Thermal
 Heat pump
 Electrochemical
 Batteries
Pumped Hydro
 Operation
 Use off-peak electricity to pump water to a reservoir at
high elevation
 When electricity is needed, water is released
hydroelectric turbines into low reservoir
 Features
 Siting is limited
 Round-trip efficiency between 70% - 85%
Compressed Air Energy Store
(CAES)
 Operation
 Use off-peak electricity to compress air & store in reservoir
 Underground cavern
 Aboveground vessel
 When electricity is needed, compressed air is heated,
expanded, and directed thru conventional turbine-
generator
 Features
 Efficiency < 70%
 Siting is limited
 Adiabatic CAES
 Little or no fossil fuel
Batteries
 Lead-acid battery  Sodium sulfur battery
 Types
 Flooded
 Operates at high
 Sealed (VRLA)
temperature
 Applications
 High energy density
 Starting/lighting/ignition
 High efficiency, ~85
 Industrial  Inexpensive
 Traction (Motive Power)  Used for grid storage in
 Stationary (UPS, backup) USA and Japan
 Portable  Other applications
 Issues  Space applications
 Short lifetime cycle  Transport and heavy
 Deep discharge and/or
temperature issues machinery
Batteries
 Lithium ion battery  Nickel cadmium battery
 Developed with many  Good cycle life
different materials  Good perf at low temp.
 Good perf with high
 High energy density and discharge rate
efficiency, ~90%  Expensive!
 Small standby loss  Memory effect
 Applications  Environmental impact of heavy
metal cadmium
 Consumer electronics
 Applications
 Transportation  Standby power
 Recently: Electric  Electric vehicles
vehicle - Aerospace  Aircraft starting batteries
Super-Capacitors
 Long life, with little degradation over hundreds of thousands of
charge cycles
 Low cost per cycle
 Fast charge and discharge
 High output power but low energy density
 Power systems that require very short, high current
 No danger of overcharging, thus no need for full-charge
detection
 High self-discharge
 Rapid voltage drop
 Applications
 General automotive
 Heavy transport
 Battery complement  Hybrid
energy storage systems
Flywheel
 Operation
 Store kinetic energy in a spinning
rotor made of advanced high- strength
material, charged and discharged
through a generator
 Charge by drawing electricity from
grid to increase rotational speed
 Discharge by generating electricity as
the wheel’s rotation slows
 Features
 Limitations to energy stored
 Primarily for power applications
 High round-trip efficiency (~85%)
Application Classification
Electric Supply Applications
 Electric Energy Time Shift
 When inexpensive: purchase energy from wholesale
 When expensive: resell to market or offset need to buy
 Electric Supply Capacity

(aka Asset Utilization)
 Defer peak capacity
investment
 Provide system
capacity/resource adequacy
(offset need for generation
equipment)
 Energy storage will increase asset

utilization for generation and transmission
and reduce the number of “peaker” power
plants
Ancillary Service Applications
 Area (frequency) regulation
 Helps managing moment-to-moment
variations within a controlled area
 “interchange” flows between areas
 Load following
 Helps grid to adjust its output level
 Backup for grid to isolate the frequent and rapid power changes
End-user Applications
 Time-of-use Energy Cost management
 Discharge when the energy is more expensive
 Electric Service Reliability (UPS)
 Provide energy outage management
 Electric Service Power Quality
 Protect on-site loads downstream (from storage) against short-
term events that affect the quality of power delivered
Renewable Energy Integration
Applications
 Renewable Energy Time-
shift
 Charge using low-value
energy
 Discharge used by
owner, sold on spot
market or PPA
 Enhance the value of
energy to increase
profits
 Eg: Rokkasho Windfarm (JP), 51

MW Wind, 34 MW/7hr NaS Storage
 Renewable Capacity Firming

 Use intermittent electric supply source as a nearly constant power source
 Wind Generation Integration
 Improve power quality by reducing output variability
 Backup when not enough wind energy
Renewable-grid integration for a carbon-
free future
 Developing modeling, control, and
optimization capabilities for the
renewable-dominated power grid,
leveraging power electronics and
data analytics capabilities. Analyzing
renewable energy system
performance using advanced
prediction capabilities .
 Smart grid technology is enabling

the effective management and
distribution of renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, and
hydrogen. The smart grid connects
a variety of
distributed energy resource assets
to the power grid.
Smart Grid In India
 NSGM has been in operational since January
2016 with dedicated team. NSGM has its own
resources, authority, functional & financial
autonomy to plan and monitor implementation of
the policies and programs related to Smart Grids
in the country
State produces the most renewable energy in
India
 Rajasthan. Installed RE Capacity: 24,459.93 MW. ...
 Gujarat. Installed RE Capacity: 21,070.95. ...
 Karnataka. Installed RE Capacity: 20,600.86 MW. ...
 Tamil Nadu. Installed RE Capacity: 20,352.16 MW. ...
 Maharashtra. Installed RE Capacity: 16,105.17 MW.
Role of renewable energy sources and storage
units in smart grids
 The main objective of introducing such architecture is to reduce
system complexity and improve flexibility of the system. The
introduced smart micro-grid is composed of renewable energy
generations, energy storage systems (ESSs), and loads, which
can operate in grid-connected and stand-alone modes.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

INTEGRATION IN SMART GRID

 Renewable energy use growing

 Load-level, distributed generation

 Decoupled from grid, separated by:

 Voltage and Phase control

 Varying cold-start &

 Distribution & Transmission:

 Electric Supply Capacity

 Energy storage will increase asset

 Eg: Rokkasho Windfarm (JP), 51

 Renewable Capacity Firming

 Smart grid technology is enabling

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