SOURCES OF ENERGY

• UMEMA FATIMA
• CLASS 10
• SCIENCE
• PORTFOLIO PPT
1) CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SOURCE OF FUEL :-
I) IT SHOULD HAVE A HIGH ENERGY OUTPUT PER UNIT MASS OR VOLUME.
II) IT SHOULD BE EASILY AVAILABLE.
III) IT SHOULD BE EASY TO STORE AND TRANSPORT.
IV) IT SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL.
2) SOURCES OF ENERGY :-
THERE ARE TWO MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY. THEY ARE CONVENTIONAL
AND NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY.
I ) CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY :- ARE WOOD, FLOWING WATER AND
FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS).
II) NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY :- ARE SOLAR ENERGY, WIND
ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY (TIDAL ENERGY, WAVE ENERGY,
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY), GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, NUCLEAR ENERGY ETC.
SOME SOURCES OF ENERGY ARE RENEWABLE LIKE SUN, WIND, FLOWING
WATER, OCEAN, WOOD, BIOMASS ETC.
SOME SOURCES OF ENERGY ARE NON RENEWABLE LIKE COAL, PETROLEUM
AND NATURAL GAS.
3. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY :-
A) FOSSIL FUELS :- ARE FUELS FORMED INSIDE THE EARTH FROM THE
REMAINS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS AFTER MILLIONS OF YEARS. THE
FOSSIL FUELS ARE COAL, PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. FOSSIL
FUELS ARE NON RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY SO THEY
SHOULD BE CONSERVED AND USED JUDICIOUSLY
DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS :-
I) BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE GASES AND HARMFUL
PARTICLES WHICH CAUSES AIR POLLUTION.
II) BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE ACIDIC OXIDES OF SULPHUR
AND NITROGEN WHICH CAUSES ACID RAIN WHICH IS HARMFUL FOR
LIVING ORGANISMS, AFFECTS SOIL AND WATER, CAUSES DAMAGE
TO BUILDINGS, CORROSION OF METALS ETC.
III) BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE A LARGE AMOUNT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE GAS WHICH INCREASES THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE AND CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING (GREEN HOUSE
EFFECT).
B) THERMAL POWER PLANTS :-
IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS THE HEAT ENERGY PRODUCED BY BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS LIKE COAL, PETROLEUM OR NATURAL GAS IS USED TO HEAT WATER AND
CHANGE IT INTO STEAM WHICH ROTATES THE TURBINES OF GENERATORS TO
PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
C) HYDRO POWER PLANTS :-
IN HYDRO POWER PLANTS WATER FROM RIVERS ARE STORED BY CONSTRUCTING
DAMS. THE WATER FROM THE DAM FLOWS DOWN THROUGH PIPES AND ROTATES
THE TURBINES OF GENERATORS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
ADVANTAGES :-
I) FLOWING WATER IS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY.
II) THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCED DOES NOT CAUSE POLLUTION.
III) THE WATER STORED IN DAMS CAN ALSO BE USED TO CONTROL FLOODS AND
FOR IRRIGATION.
DISADVANTAGES :-
I) THE INITIAL COST IS HIGH.
II) LARGE AREAS OF LAND GETS SUBMERGED AND THE DECOMPOSITION OF
VEGETATION PRODUCES METHANE GAS WHICH IS A GREEN HOUSE GAS.
III) IT CAUSES DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM LARGE AREAS OF LAND.
THERMAL POWER PLANT
 D) BIOMASS ENERGY :-
THE WASTE MATERIALS AND DEAD PARTS OF LIVING THINGS ARE CALLED BIOMASS. EG :-
WOOD, ANIMAL DUNG, VEGETABLE WASTE, AGRICULTURAL WASTE, SEWAGE ETC. BIOMASS
IS DECOMPOSED BY ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS TO PRODUCE BIOGAS.
BIOGAS IS A MIXTURE OF GASES CONTAINING METHANE, CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN
AND HYDROGEN SULPHIDE.
BIOGAS PLANT :-
THE BIOGAS PLANT HAS A LARGE UNDERGROUND TANK MADE OF BRICKS AND
CEMENT. THE LOWER PART IS THE DIGESTER AND THE UPPER PART HAS A DOME
WITH A GAS OUTLET. ON ONE SIDE OF THE TANK ABOVE THE GROUND IS A MIXING
TANK AND ON THE OTHER SIDE IS AN OVERFLOW TANK.
ANIMAL DUNG IS MIXED WITH WATER IN THE MIXING TANK AND THE SLURRY IS
SENT INTO THE DIGESTER. IN THE DIGESTER THE SLURRY IS DECOMPOSED BY
ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS AND AFTER A FEW DAYS BIOGAS IS PRODUCED.
THE GAS IS TAKEN OUT THROUGH THE GAS OUTLET AND USED FOR HEATING AND
LIGHTING PURPOSES. THE SLURRY LEFT BEHIND IS RICH IN NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS AND IS USED AS MANURE FOR CROPS.
FIXED DOME TYPE BIOGAS PLANT
E) WIND ENERGY :-
WIND ENERGY IS USED IN WIND MILLS WHICH CONVERTS THE KINETIC
ENERGY OF THE WIND INTO MECHANICAL OR ELECTRICAL ENERGY. THE
KINETIC ENERGY OF WIND CAN BE USED TO DO MECHANICAL WORK LIKE
LIFTING WATER FROM WELLS OR GRINDING GRAINS IN FLOUR MILLS. IT
CAN ALSO BE USED TO ROTATE THE TURBINES OF GENERATORS TO
PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
A SINGLE WIND MILL PRODUCES ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF
ELECTRICITY. SO A LARGE NUMBER OF WIND MILLS IN A LARGE AREA ARE
COUPLED TOGETHER TO PRODUCE MORE ELECTRICITY IN WIND ENERGY
FARMS.
ADVANTAGES :-
I) IT IS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY.
II) IT DOES NOT CAUSE POLLUTION.
III) THE RECURRING COST IS LESS.
DISADVANTAGES :-
I) WIND IS NOT AVAILABLE AT ALL TIMES.
II) IT REQUIRES A LARGE AREA OF LAND.
III) A MINIMUM WIND SPEED OF 15 KM/H IS REQUIRED.
WIND MILL WIND ENERGY FARM
4) NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY :-

A) SOLAR ENERGY :-
SOLAR ENERGY IS THE ENERGY OBTAINED FROM THE SUN IN THE FORM
OF HEAT AND LIGHT. THE HEAT ENERGY IS USED IN SOLAR HEATING
DEVICES LIKE SOLAR COOKER, SOLAR WATER HEATER, SOLAR FURNACES ETC.
THE LIGHT ENERGY IS USED IN SOLAR CELLS.
I) SOLAR COOKER :-
THE BOX TYPE SOLAR COOKER HAS AN INSULATED BOX PAINTED BLACK
INSIDE. IT IS COVERED BY A GLASS PLATE WHICH ALLOWS HEAT TO ENTER
INSIDE BUT DOES NOT ALLOW HEAT TO ESCAPE OUT. IT HAS A MIRROR TO
REFLECT MORE SUNLIGHT INTO THE BOX. THE FOOD TO BE COOKED IS
KEPT IN CONTAINERS INSIDE THE BOX IT CAN PRODUCE A TEMPERATURE OF
100° TO 140°.
II) SOLAR WATER HEATER :-
A SOLAR WATER HEATER HAS AN INSULATED BOX PAINTED BLACK INSIDE
WITH A SYSTEM OF COPPER TUBES. IT IS COVERED WITH A GLASS PLATE
WHICH ALLOWS HEAT TO ENTER INSIDE BUT DOES NOT ALLOW HEAT TO
ESCAPE OUT. WHEN WATER FLOWS THROUGH THE COPPER TUBE IT
ABSORBS HEAT AND BECOMES HOT.
III) SOLAR CELLS :-
SOLAR CELL IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERTS SOLAR ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY. SOLAR CELLS ARE MADE FROM SEMI CONDUCTORS
LIKE SILICON, GERMANIUM, GALLIUM ETC. A SINGLE SOLAR CELL
PRODUCES A VOLTAGE OF ABOUT 0.5 TO 1 V AND PRODUCES ABOUT 0.7
W ELECTRICITY. SO SEVERAL SOLAR CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN A SOLAR
PANEL TO PRODUCE MORE ELECTRICITY.
ADVANTAGES :-
I) IT USES RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY.
II) IT PRODUCES ELECTRICITY WHICH DOES NOT CAUSE POLLUTION.
III) IT CAN BE USED IN REMOTE AREAS WHERE THERE IS NO POWER
SUPPLY.
DISADVANTAGES :-
I) IT USES A SPECIAL GRADE OF SILICON WHICH IS EXPENSIVE.
II) SINCE SILVER IS USED FOR CONNECTING THE CELLS TOGETHER IT IS
MORE
EXPENSIVE.
III) THE CURRENT PRODUCED IS DC AND TO CONVERT IT TO AC
INCREASES THE
COST.
BOX TYPE SOLAR COOKER SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR CELL
SOLAR PANELS SOLAR LAMP
B) ENERGY FROM THE SEA :-
ENERGY FROM THE SEA IS OBTAINED IN THREE DIFFERENT FORMS. THEY
ARE TIDAL ENERGY, SEA WAVE ENERGY AND OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY.
I) TIDAL ENERGY :-
THE PERIODIC RISE AND FALL OF SEA LEVEL DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL
ATTRACTION OF THE MOON CAUSES TIDES. A DAM IS CONSTRUCTED AT A
NARROW OPENING BETWEEN THE LAND AND SEA. THE MOVEMENT OF
WATER DURING HIGH TIDE AND LOW TIDE CAN BE USED TO ROTATE THE
TURBINES OF GENERATORS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
II) SEA WAVE ENERGY :-
WHEN STRONG WIND BLOWS OVER THE SEA IT PRODUCES HUGE WAVES.
THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MOVING WAVES CAN BE USED TO ROTATE THE
TURBINES OF GENERATORS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
III) OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY :-
THERE IS A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WARM SURFACE
WATER AND THE COLD WATER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEANS. THIS
DIFFERENCE IS ABOUT 20°C. THE WARM SURFACE WATER IS USED TO BOIL
LIQUID AMMONIA AND THE VAPOUR IS USED TO ROTATE THE TURBINES OF
GENERATORS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY. THE COLD WATER FROM THE
BOTTOM IS THEN PUMPED UP TO COOL THE VAPOUR BACK TO LIQUID.
TIDAL ENERGY
SEA WAVE ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
C) GEOTHERMAL ENERGY :-
THE DEEPER REGIONS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST IS
VERY HOT. THIS HEAT MELTS ROCKS AND FORMS
MAGMA. THE MAGMA MOVES UP AND COLLECTS
BELOW AT SOME PLACES CALLED HOT SPOTS. THE
UNDERGROUND WATER IN CONTACT WITH HOT
SPOT GETS HEATED INTO STEAM AT HIGH
PRESSURE. BY DRILLING HOLES INTO HOT SPOTS
THE STEAM COMING OUT CAN BE USED TO
ROTATE TURBINES OF GENERATORS TO PRODUCE
ELECTRICITY.
D) NUCLEAR ENERGY :-
NUCLEAR ENERGY IS THE ENERGY IS THE ENERGY RELEASED DURING NUCLEAR
REACTIONS.
DURING NUCLEAR REACTIONS SOME MASS IS CONVERTED INTO ENERGY AND SO A VERY
LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS PRODUCED DURING NUCLEAR REACTIONS.
NUCLEAR REACTIONS ARE OF TWO TYPES. THEY ARE NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION.
I) NUCLEAR FISSION :- IS A NUCLEAR REACTION IN WHICH THE NUCLEUS OF A HEAVY ATOM
LIKE URANIUM, PLUTONIUM, ETC. SPLITS INTO SMALLER NUCLEI WITH THE RELEASE OF A
LARGE
AMOUNT OF ENERGY. IT IS USED TO MAKE ATOM BOMBS AND TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
IN A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT THE HEAT ENERGY PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED NUCLEAR
FISSION CHAIN REACTION IS USED TO PRODUCE STEAM WHICH ROTATES THE TURBINES OF
GENERATORS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
II) NUCLEAR FUSION :- IS A NUCLEAR REACTION IN WHICH SMALL NUCLEI FUSE TOGETHER TO
FORM A HEAVIER NUCLEUS WITH THE RELEASE OF A VERY LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY. THE
ENERGY OF SUN IS PRODUCED BY THE FUSION OF HYDROGEN NUCLEI TO FORM HELIUM
NUCLEUS. IT IS ALSO USED TO MAKE THE HYDROGEN BOMB.
ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY :-
I) IT PRODUCES A VERY LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY PER UNIT MASS THAN ANY OTHER
SOURCE OF ENERGY.
II) IF SAFETY MEASURES ARE TAKEN, IT IS MORE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY THAN FOSSIL FUELS.
DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY :-
I) THE COST OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR IS VERY HIGH.
II) THE AVAILABILITY OF NUCLEAR FUEL IS LIMITED.
III) NUCLEAR REACTORS PRODUCE HARMFUL NUCLEAR WASTES WHICH IS DIFFICULT TO
DISPOSE.