Distribution System

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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Course Content
Layout of distribution networks,methods of
water distribution,storage capacity of ESR,and
underground service reservoir.
Introduction
*The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to
consumer with appropriate quality,quantity and pressure
*Distribution system is used to describe collectievely the
facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of
usage.
Requirements of good
Distribution system….
*Water quality should not get
deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
*It should be capable of supplying water
at all the intended places with sufficient
pressure head.
*It should be capable of supplying the
requisite amount of water during fire
fighting.
*The layout should be such that no
consumer would be without water supply,during
the repair of any section of the system.
*All the distribution pipes should be preferably
laid one metre away or above the sewer lines.
Layouts of Distribution
Network
*The distribution pipes are generally laid
below the road pavements, and such their
layouts generally follow the layouts of roads.
*There are, general,four different types of
pipe networks; any one of which either singly
or in combinations, can be used for a
particular place.
They are:
• Dead End System
• Radial System
• Grid iron system
• Ring system
DEAD AND SYSTEM
This system is suitable for developed towns or cities.

In this system water flows in one direction only in to sub
mains and branches.
The diameter of pipe decreases at every tree branch.
Suitable for irregular developed towns or cities.
Sub mains are connected to main along others roads
which meet main road.
Applicable for small water supplies.
Advantages
*Relatively cheap.
*Determination of discharges
and pressure easier due to less
number of valves.
Disadvantages
*Due to many dead
ends,stagnation of water occurs
in pipes.
Grid Iron System
* It is suitable for cities with
rectangular layout where the water
remains and branches and laid in
rectangles.
Advantages
Water is kept in good circulation
due to the absence of dead ends.
*In the case of breakdown in
some other direction
Disadvantages
*Exact calculation of sizes of pipes
is not possible due to provision of
valves on all branches.
Ring system
• The supply main is laid all along the
peripheral roads and sub mains branch out
from the mains.
• This system also follows the grid iron system
with the flow pattern similsr in character to
that of dead and system.
• So, determination of the size of pips is easy.
Advantages
• Water can be supplied to any point from at
least two directions
Method of water distribution
• For efficient distribution system adequate
water pressure required at various points.
• Depending upon the level of
source,topography of the area and other
local conditions the water may be forced in to
distribution system by following ways:
• Gravity System
• Pumping System
• Combined gravity and pumping system
Gravity system
• Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient
height.
• Most reliable and economical distribution
system.
• The water head available at the consumer is
just minimum required.
• The remaining head is consumed in the
frictional and other loses.
Pumping System
• Treated water is directly pumped into the
distribution main without out storing.
• Also called pumping without storage system.
• High lifts pumps are required.
• If power supply fails, complete stoppage of
water supply.
• This method is not generally used.
Combined gravity and pumping system
• Most common system.
• Treated water is pumped and stored in an
elevated distribution reservoir.
• Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
• The excess water during low demand periods
get stored in reservoir and get supplied during
high demand period.
• Economical, efficient and reliable system.
Distribution Reservoirs
• Distribution reservoirs, also called service
reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which
stored the treated water for supplying water
during emergencies
Functions of Distribution Reserviors
• To absorb the hourly variations in demand.
• To maintain constant pressure in distribution mains.
• Water stored can be supplied during emergencies.
• Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs.

• Should be located as close as possible to the centre of
demand.
• Water level in the reservoir must be at a sufficient
elevation to permit gravity flow at an adequate
pressure.
Types of Reservoirs
• Depending upon their elevation w.r.t ground
it may be classified into
• 1. Surface reservoirs
• 2.Elevated reservoirs
Surface reservoirs
• These are also called ground reservoir.
• Mostly circular or rectangular tank.
• Under ground reservoirs are preferred
espically when the size is large.
• These reservoirs are constructed on high
natural grounds and are usally made of
stones, bricks, plain or reinforced cement
concrete.
• The side walls are designed to take up the
pressure of the water, when the reservior is full
and the earth pressure when its empty.
• The position of ground water table is also
considered as while desigining these reservoirs.
• The floors of these reservoirs may constructed
with R.C.C slab or square stone blocks resting
on colums.
• To obtain water tightness bitumen
compounds are used at all construction
joints.
• At the top roof about 60cm thick earth layer
is deposited and maintained green lawns to
protect the reservoir from cold and heat.
• For aeration of water and inspection,
ventilation pipes and stairs are provided.
Types of tank

Distribution System

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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

This system is suitable for developed towns or cities.

• Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs.

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