1 Quality Assurance

 Quality Assurance (QA) is a management method that is defined as “all those planned
and systematic actions needed to provide adequate confidence that a product, service or
result will satisfy given requirements for quality and be fit for use”.

Examples

 Process Checklists
 Process Standards
 Process Documentation
 Project Audit

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2 QC v/s QA

 Although QA and QC are closely related concepts, and are both aspects of quality
management.
 They are fundamentally different in their focus:

 QC is used to verify the quality of the output

 QA is the process of managing for quality

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3 International Standard Organization

 The International Organization for Standardization is an international standard-setting

body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
 Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization develops and publishes worldwide
technical, industrial and commercial standards.
 The International Organization for Standardization (known as the ISO for short) is a global
organization that works to provide standardization across an array of products and
companies.
 Its main goal is to facilitate trade, but its focus is on process improvement, safety, and
quality in several areas.

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4 ISO Objectives

 Achieve, maintain and seek to continuously improve product quality, in

relationship to requirements

 Improve the quality of operation

 Provide confidence to internal management

 Provide confidence to customers

 Provide confidence that quality system requirements fulfilled

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 Structure of ISO Standards
5  ISO standards focus on developing, documenting and implementing procedures
 It is a series of standards that are “Generic rather than Specific”
 It can be applied to all type of organizations (Large, Small, Industry, Public & Private)
 ISO standards are develop through consumers, applied Industry wide and voluntary

 ISO standard consists of 3 documents..

 ISO – 9000
Fundamental and Vocabulary
 ISO – 9001
Management Responsibilities, Resource Management
Product Realization, Measurement Analysis
&
Improvement
 ISO – 9004 : 2000
Guidelines for performance Improvement
 ISO Implementation
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1. Top Management Buy-in & Financial Commitment

2. Learn About ISO 9001
3. Introductory Training
4. Gap Analysis
5. Strategy, Risks & Opportunities, Scope
6. Quality Policy & Quality Objectives
7. Documented Information Procedure
8. Customer Satisfaction Procedure
9. Nonconformity and Corrective Action Procedure
10.Internal Audit Procedure
11.Management Review
7 Benefits of ISO

 Suitable for both small and large organizations.

 Better internal management.

 Less wastage.

 Increase in efficiency, productivity and profit.

 Improved customer retention and acquisition.

 Consistent outcomes, measured and monitored.

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 Globally recognized standard.
 Popular ISO Standards
8  ISO – 6 CAMERA FILM SPEED
 ISO – 639 LANGUAGE CODES
 ISO – 4217 CURRENCY CODES
 ISO – 8601 DATE AND TIME FORMAT
 ISO – 9660 ISO IMAGES FOR COMPUTER FILES
 ISO – 9000 QUALITY MANAGEMENT
 ISO – 13216 ISO FIX CHILD SEATS FOR CARS
 ISO – 13485 MEDICAL DEVICES
 ISO – 14000 FAMILYENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
 ISO / IEC – 17025 TESTING AND CALIBRATION LABORATORIES
 ISO – 20121 SUSTAINABLE EVENTS
 ISO – 22000 FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
 ISO – 26000 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 ISO – 31000 RISK MANAGEMENT
 ISO – 37001 ANTI-BRIBERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
 ISO – 3166 COUNTRY CODES
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 ISO – 50001 ENERGY MANAGEMENT
9 ISO 9000
 The ISO 9000 family of quality management systems is a set of standards that
helps organizations ensure they meet customer and other stakeholder needs within
statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product or service.

 ISO 9000 was first published in 1987 by ISO (International Organization for
Standardization). It was based on the BS 5750 series of standards from BSI that
were proposed to ISO in 1979.

 Customer focus, leadership, and evidence based decision making are some of the
quality management principles on the basis of which ISO 9000:2015 and ISO
9001:2015 are based on.

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10 Factors Leading to ISO 9000
1. Management Responsibility
2. Quality System
3. Order Entry
4. Design Control
5. Document and Data Control
6. Purchasing
7. Control of Customer Supplied Products
8. Product Identification and Tractability
9. Process Control
10. Inspection and Testing Control of Inspection, Measuring, and Test Equipment

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12 PSQCA

 Formed 1996
 Headquarters Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
 Website www.psqca.com.pk

 The Pakistan Standards & Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) is an autonomous body
subordinate to the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Pakistan.

 Its main objective is to regulate and enforce quality standards in Pakistan. Anything that is
certified by the PSQCA is issued the Pakistan Standards label.

 The PSQCA was formed through the passage of the Pakistan Standards and Quality
Control Authority Act, 1996 by the Parliament of Pakistan.
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13 PSQCA Objectives

 To regulate and enforce quality standards

 Bring Healthy PAKISTAN

 Promote trade with quality

 Promote better image of PAKISTAN in the world through quality products

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14 Structure of PSQCA

 Standards Development Center

 Quality Control Center

 Technical Services Center

 System Certifications Center

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15 Standards Development Center
 The Directorate of Standards, also known as Standards Development Centre,
SDC is responsible for the development of Pakistan Standards, adoption of
International Standards by consensus involving Stakeholders
 Manufacturers,
 Government And Regulatory Bodies,
 Consumers,
 Scientists And Technologists,
 Academia
 Testing Laboratories
through its technical divisions

 SDC has established 6094 Pakistan Standards, and adopted 9185 ISO, 6202 IEC,
Trainer 2 OIML,
Malik 634 ASTM, 21 Codex Alimentarius (CAC) and 15 Food and Agriculture
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Organization (FAO) Standards.

16 Quality Control Center
 The Quality Control Centre (QCC) is a multifunctional testing laboratory which test
quality of ..
 Food
 Building Materials (Cement)
 Papers & Textiles
 Sugar
 Microbiology
 Beverages And Water

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17 Technical Services Center

 TSC mainly provide QC & QA services to the metal and allied industries
 TSC also provide the solution of technical problems
 TSC provide following to testing services..

 Melting & Casting of Metal & Allied Products

 Sand Testing Labs
 Heat Treatment Labs
 Metal Working (Frozing & Rolling)
 Sample Preparation & Maintenance
 Mechanical & Metallography Testing Labs
 Chemical & Instrumental Analysis
 Non-Destructive Labs
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 Investment Casting Facility
18 System Certifications Center

 SCC is an independent third party certification body working under Pakistan Standards &
Quality Control Authority (PSQCA), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of
Pakistan.
 SCC offer certification services to wide range of management systems including..
 ISO 9001
 ISO 14001
 ISO 45001
 ISO 22000
 ISO 22716 – GMP - Cosmetics for all industrial sectors.

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19 Benefits of Certification

 A third party independent declaration of your quality of process and work

 Improve Quality of Product and Service

 Achieve Customer Satisfaction

 Increase Confidence of Company

 Improve Operational Efficiency

 Reduce Lead time

 Establish positive image of the company

Trainer Get commercial

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20 Basic Quality Control Tools

 There are basic 7 quality tools which help us in solving the quality issues
through…

 Data Collection

 Data Analysis

 Identification of Root Causes

 Measuring Results

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21 7 QC Tools

 Check Sheet

 Cause & Effect Diagrams

 Flow Chart (stratification)

 Pareto Analysis & Chart

 Control Chart

 Scatter Diagram

 Histogram

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22 Check Sheet
 A check sheet is a simple document that is used for collecting data in real time and at the
location where data is generated.

 Purpose
 How often are certain events happening
 Making information collection easy from data / format

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23 Cause & Effect / Fishbone Diagram

 It shows the relationship of all factors (causes) that lead to given situations (effects).
 It identify major causes and breaks them down into sub causes and further sub divisions.
 It is usually preceded by cause and analysis.

Purpose:

 Identifies various causes affecting a product.

 Helps groups in reaching a common understanding of a problems.
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25 Flow Chart / Stratification

 A flow chart is type of diagram that represents a process step by step with the help of
various kind of symbols and connecting these with arrows.

Purpose

 It gives a visual representation of a process

 Identify the steps and material needed for the process
 Helps in quickly analyzing the process

Symbols

Input /
Process Start / End Decision
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Output
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27 Pareto Analysis & Chart
 Pareto Chart is basically a statistical chart that represents major of defect or problem in
descending order of their frequency (number of times of occurrence) and their cumulative
impact. Cumulative impact simply means changes in system or project that are caused due
to combined impact of past, present, and future activities or natural processes of human
beings. Pareto analysis is considered to be a powerful quality and decision-making tool.

Purpose

 Sort out the “Vital Few” from the “Trivial Many”

 Separate Important from Non-important causes contributing to a problem.
 If one wants to organize and manage a lot of information and data that is needed to be
organized.
 When someone wants to explain and tell about defects with higher priority to stakeholders.
 When someone wants to prioritize defect or task according to their severity i.e. according to
Trainer their impact
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 When it is essential and important to analyze data or defect.

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29 Control Chart

 The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. Data are
plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper
line for the upper control limit, and a lower line for the lower control limit.

Purpose

 Indicates weather a process is in Control or Not

 It ensure product quality level
 Identify the special / dynamics causes of variation in a repeating process.

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31 Scatter Diagram

 A scatter diagram is used to show the relationship between two kinds of data. It could be
the relationship between a cause and an effect, between one cause.
 Scatter diagram method is a simple representation which is popularly used in commerce
and statistics to find the correlation between two variables. These two variables are plotted
along the X and Y axis on a two-dimensional graph and the pattern represents the
association between these given variables.

Purpose

 It makes clear weather a relationship exits and shows the strength of that relationship
 If data points are scattered very close to trend, it shows strong relationship otherwise it is
weak relationship.
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33 Histogram
 A histogram is a chart that shows frequencies for. intervals of values of a metric variable.
Such intervals as known as “bins” and they all have the same widths.
 The histogram is a popular graphing tool. It is used to summarize discrete or continuous
data that are measured on an interval scale. It is often used to illustrate the major features
of the distribution of the data in a convenient form.

Parts of a Histogram
 The title: The title describes the information included in the histogram.
 X-axis: The X-axis are intervals that show the scale of values which the measurements fall under.
 Y-axis: The Y-axis shows the number of times that the values occurred within the intervals set by the
X-axis.
 The bars: The height of the bar shows the number of times that the values occurred within the
interval, while the width of the bar shows the interval that is covered. For a histogram with equal bins,
the width should be the same across all bars.
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