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    Atomic Structure

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    tanishknandal2009
    The document provides information about atomic structure and models of the atom over time. It discusses Rutherford's experiments which led to the discovery of the nuclear model of the atom. Next, it describes Niels Bohr's model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific shells. Finally, it introduces the quantum mechanical model which treats electrons as waves and describes electron probabilities as orbital clouds. The modern view is that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense nucleus and electron cloud regions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    tanishknandal2009
    14 views38 pages
    The document provides information about atomic structure and models of the atom over time. It discusses Rutherford's experiments which led to the discovery of the nuclear model of the atom. Next, it describes Niels Bohr's model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific shells. Finally, it introduces the quantum mechanical model which treats electrons as waves and describes electron probabilities as orbital clouds. The modern view is that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense nucleus and electron cloud regions.

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    chemistry

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    Atomic structure

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    The document provides information about atomic structure and models of the atom over time. It discusses Rutherford's experiments which led to the discovery of the nuclear model of the atom. Next, it describes Niels Bohr's model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific shells. Finally, it introduces the quantum mechanical model which treats electrons as waves and describes electron probabilities as orbital clouds. The modern view is that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense nucleus and electron cloud regions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views38 pages

    Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    tanishknandal2009
    The document provides information about atomic structure and models of the atom over time. It discusses Rutherford's experiments which led to the discovery of the nuclear model of the atom. Next, it describes Niels Bohr's model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific shells. Finally, it introduces the quantum mechanical model which treats electrons as waves and describes electron probabilities as orbital clouds. The modern view is that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense nucleus and electron cloud regions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 38

    Atomic structure

    From “Atomos” to Quantum Mechanics


    Learning Intention
    • To learn how to draw and interpret the Bohr model of an atom
    • To learn the quantum mechanics model of the atom
    • To write the electron configuration using the orbitals model
    (extension)

    Success Criteria
    • I can draw and interpret the Bohr model of an atom
    • I can describe the orbitals model and write the electron configuration
    for the first 20 elements (extension)
    Atomic Model Timeline

    3
    Rutherford Experiment
    Vacuum
    flask

    a-rays
    What’s in the box?

    Is all the mass spread or is all the mass


    throughout as in a box concentrated in a dense
    of marshmallows”? “ball-bearing”?
    Figure it out without opening (or shaking)

    Shoot bullets randomly through the box. If it


    is filled with marshmallows, all the bullets will
    go straight through without (much) deflection
    Figure it out without opening (or shaking)

    If it contains a ball-bearing most the bullets will go


    straight through without deflection---but not all

    Occasionally, a bullet will collide nearly head-on to


    the ball-bearing and be deflected by a large angle
    Rutherford used a-ray “bullets” to distinguish
    between the plum-pudding & planetary models
    Plum-pudding:
    ++ +
    +
    - - -+
    a
    +
    + +
    a
    - - - +
    a + + + +
    a
    -+ -+
    - +
    no way for a-rays to scatter at wide angles
    distinguishing between the plum-pudding
    & planetary models

    -
    a
    a
    - -
    +
    a
    a -
    -
    Occasionally, an a-rays will be pointed head-on
    to a nucleus & will scatter at a wide angle
    Rutherford saw ~1/10,000
    a-rays scatter at wide angles

    -
    a
    - -
    a +
    a
    a -
    -
    from this he inferred a nuclear
    size of about 10-14m
    Rutherford atom
    10-10m

    Not to scale!!!

    If it were to scale,
    10-14m the nucleus would
    + be too small to see

    Even though it has


    more than 99.9%
    of the atom’s mass
    Relative scales
    Aloha stadium
    Golf ball

    x10-4

    Nucleus
    Atom 99.97% of the mass
    Atomic Model Timeline

    13
    Quantum Mechanical Model
    Niels Bohr &
    Albert Einstein

    Modern atomic theory describes the electronic


    structure of the atom as the probability of finding
    electrons within certain regions of space (orbitals).
    Modern View

    • The atom is mostly empty space


    • Two regions
    • Nucleus
    • protons and neutrons
    • Electron cloud
    • region where you might find an electron
    The Bohr Model
    • Niels Bohr (1885-1962) was a Danish physicist and a student of
    Rutherford’s.

    • In 1913, Bohr introduced his atomic model based on the simplest


    atom, hydrogen (only 1 electron)
    • Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or
    orbits, around the nucleus.

    16
    How do we draw the structure?
    1. Find the atomic
    number – this is how
    many protons and
    electrons there are
    2. Draw the nucleus
    3. Draw the electrons
    starting from the inside
    shell (2 electrons)
    4. Fill the 2nd shell (up to
    8)
    5. Fill the 3rd shell (up to
    8)
    Questions
    Draw the atomic structure of these elements in your book

    Element Name Symbol Atomic


    Number
    Helium He 2
    Flourine F 9
    Sodium Na 11
    Chlorine Cl 17
    Atomic Structure
    • The position of the element on the table
    also tells us more about the element.

    • The row number (period) tells us how


    many shells/orbitals an element has.

    • The column number (group) tells us how


    many valence electrons are in the valence
    shell (look at number in ones place)

    • Valence = outside/last
    Lewis Structure
    • Only uses the valence
    electrons
    • Draws them in pairs
    around the atomic symbol
    Quantum Mechanical Model
    Niels Bohr &
    Albert Einstein

    Modern atomic theory describes the electronic


    structure of the atom as the probability of finding
    electrons within certain regions of space (orbitals).
    Modern View

    • The atom is mostly empty space


    • Two regions
    • Nucleus
    • protons and neutrons
    • Electron cloud
    • region where you might find an electron
    The Quantum Mechanical Model
    • Rutherford’s and Bohr’s model focused on describing
    the path of the electron around the nucleus like a
    particle (like a small baseball).

    • Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)


    treated the electron as a wave.

    • The modern description of the electrons in atoms, the


    quantum mechanical model, comes from the
    mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger equation.

    23
    Electrons as Waves
    EVIDENCE: DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

    VISIBLE LIGHT ELECTRONS


    5.1

    The Quantum Mechanical Model


    • The propeller blade has the same probability of being
    anywhere in the blurry region, but you cannot tell its
    location at any instant. The electron cloud of an atom
    can be compared to a spinning airplane propeller.
    • The quantum model determines the allowed energies an
    electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron
    in various locations around the nucleus.
    5.1

    The Quantum Mechanical Model

    • The probability of finding an


    electron within a certain volume
    of space surrounding the nucleus
    can be represented as a fuzzy
    cloud.
    • The cloud is more dense where the
    probability of finding the electron is
    high.
    Shells and Orbitals and Atomic Structure
    f
    d
    s p

    •Shells of an
    atom contain
    a number of
    stacked
    orbitals
    4

    1
    1st and 2nd level s-orbitals
    and the p-orbitals all together.
    5.1

    Atomic Orbitals
    • The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the
    energy sublevel.
    Energy # of Letter of # of orbitals # of Total
    Level, n sublevels sublevels per sublevel electrons in electrons in
    each orbital energy level

    1 1 s 1 2 2

    s 1 2
    2 2 8
    p 3 6

    s 1 2
    3 3 p 3 6 18
    d 5 10

    s 1 2
    4 p 3 6
    4 32
    d 5 10
    f 7 14
    Periodic table arrangement
    s (n) d (n - 1) p (n)
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    f (n -2)

    • the quantum theory helps to explain the structure


    of the periodic table.
    • n - 1 indicates that the d subshell in period 4
    actually starts at 3 (4 - 1 = 3).
    5.1

    Atomic Orbitals
    • The number of electrons allowed in each of the first four
    energy levels are shown here.
    • A maximum of 2 electrons per orbital

    Use this to find the #


    of electrons in an
    energy level 2n2
    5.2

    Electron Configurations
    • The ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around
    the nuclei of atoms are called electron configurations.

    • Three rules—the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s
    rule—tell you how to find the electron configurations of atoms.

    • We will only focus on the aufbau principle for this subject - you will learn the
    other principles in VCE
    Filling Diagram for Sublevels

    Aufbau Principle
    According to the aufbau principle, electrons occupy the
    orbitals of lowest energy first. In the aufbau diagram
    below, each box represents an atomic orbital.
    5.2

    Electron Configurations
    • Orbital Filling Diagram
    Electron Configurations
    • The electron configuration of an atom is a shorthand
    method of writing the location of electrons by
    sublevel.
    • The sublevel is written followed by a superscript with
    the number of electrons in the sublevel.
    • If the 2p sublevel contains 2 electrons, it is written 2p2
    # of e- in

    1s 2
    Electron Configuration Symbols
    sub level

    Energy Level
    Sub Level
    (s, p, d, f )
    Writing Electron Configurations
    • First, determine how many electrons are in the atom.
    Iron has 26 electrons.
    • Arrange the energy sublevels according to increasing
    energy:
    • 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d …
    • Fill each sublevel with electrons until you have used all
    the electrons in the atom:
    • Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 6
    • The sum of the superscripts equals the atomic number of
    iron (26)
    What am I doing now?
    MUST complete questions 1 - 4 on the worksheet
    SHOULD also complete questions 5-7
    COULD also complete the atomic orbitals worksheet

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