By:

Engr.Iftikhar Ahmed
[email protected]
Loops
A type of control structure that repeats a statement or
set of statements is known as LOOPING structures.
Its also known as iterative OR repetitive structure.
In sequential structure, all statements are executed
once.
On the other hand, conditional structure may execute
or skip a statement on the basis of some given
condition.
In some situations it is required to repeat a statement
or number of statements for a specified number of
times.
counter-controlled loops
• This type of loop depends on the value of a variable known
as counter variable.
• The value of counter variable is incremented or
decremented each time the body of the loop is executed.
• This loop terminates when the value of counter variable
reaches a particular value.
• The number of iterations of counter-controlled loop is
known in advance.
• The iterations of this loop depends on the following:
• Initial value of the counter variable
• Termination condition

Increment or decrement value

Looping structures are used for this purpose.
Loops
There are different types of loops available in C++
To execute a statement or number of statements for a
specified number of times. For example a user may display
an text on the screen for 10 numbers.
To use a sequence of values. For example user may display
a set of natural numbers from 1 to 10.
There are three types of LOOPs available in C++:

While loop do-while loop for loop

sentinel-controlled loops
• This type of loop depends on special value known as
sentinel value. the loop terminates when the sentinel value
is encountered. These types of loops are also known as
conditional loops. For example, a loop may execute while
the value of a variable is not-1. here -1 is the sentinel value
that is used to terminate the loop.
• The number of iterations of sentinel-controlled loop is
unknown. It depends on the input from the user. Suppose
the sentinel value to terminate a loop is -1. if the user
enters -1 in the first iteration, the loop will execute only
once. But if the user enters -1 after entering many other
values, the number of iterations will vary accordingly. A
sentinel value is commonly used with while and do-while
loops.
While loop
• While loop is the simplest loop in C++ language. This loop
executes one or more statements while the given condition
remains true. It is useful when the number of iterations is
not known in advance.
Syntax:
The syntax of while is as under:
while (condition)
{
while (condition) statement 1 ;
statement 2 ;
statement ; .
.
statement N ;
}
Flow chart of While loop

TRUE
condition Loop body

NO
Write a program that displays “Chemical Engineering” five times using while
loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int n=1;
While (n<=5)
{
cout<<“ Chemical Engineering”<<endl;
n++;
}
Return 0;
}
Write a program that displays counting from 1 to 10 using while loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int n;
n=1;
While (n<=10)
{
cout<<n<<endl;
n++;
}
Return 0;
}
Write a program that displays first five numbers and their sum using while
loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int c, sum;
n=1;
Sum=0;
While (n<=5)
{
cout<<c<<endl;
Sum=sum+c;
C=c+1;
}
cout<<“SUM is ”<<sum;
Return 0;
}
Write a program that displays first five numbers with their squares using
while loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int n;
n=1;
While (c<=5)
{
cout<<n<<n*n<<endl;
n++;
}
Return 0;
}
Write a program that inputs a number from user and displays a table of that
number using while loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int n,c;
c=1;
Cout<<“Enter a number :”;
Cin>>n;
While (c<=10)
{
cout<<n<<“*”<<c<<n*c<<endl;
C=c+1;
}
Return 0;
}
Write a program that inputs a number from user and displays the factorial of
that number using while loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int n,c,f;
c=f=1;
Cout<<“Enter a number :”;
Cin>>n;
While (c<=n)
{
f=f*c;
c=c+1;
}
cout<<“Factorial of “<<n<<“ is ”<<f;
return 0;
}
Write a Program that displays the degree-to-radian table using while
loop.
Write a Program that displays the sum of following series using while
loop. (1+1/2+1/4+1/6+……..1/100)
Write a Program that inputs a positive number. It then displays the sum
of all odd numbers and the sum of all even numbers from 1 to number
entered by user using while loop.
Write a Program that inputs a sentence from user and counts the numbers
of words in that sentence.
Write a Program that inputs starting and ending number from the user
and displays all even & odd numbers in the given range while loop.
Write a program using while loop to enter number from the user and then
display it. The loop is terminated when the user enters -1.
 do-While loop
• Do-While loop is an iterative control in C++.
• This loop executes one or more statements while the given
condition is true. In this loop, the condition comes after
the body of the loop. It is an important loop in a situation
when the loop body must be executed at least once.
Syntax:
The syntax of while is as under: Beginning of the Loop

Do
{
statement 1 ;
statement 2 ;
.
Body of Loop
.
statement N ;
}
while (condition)
Flow chart of do-While loop

Loop body

TRUE
condition

NO
Difference between while & do-while loop

While loop Do-while loop

In while loop condition comes before In do-while loop condition comes after
the body of the loop. the body of the loop.

If the condition is false in the Do-while is executed at least once even

beginning while loop is never executed. if the condition is false in beginning.
Write a program that displays numbers from 10 to 1 using do-while loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int c;
n=10;
Do
{
cout<<c<<endl;
c=c-1
}
While (c>=1)
Return 0;
}
Write a program that gets starting and ending point from user, and displays
all odd numbers in the given range using do-while loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int c,s,e; }
cout<<“Enter Stating Number : ”; While (c>=1)
cin>>s; return 0;
cout<<“Enter Ending Number : ”; }
cin>>e;
c=s;
do
{
if(c%2!=0)
cout<<c<<endl;
c=c+1
Pretest and Posttest loops
A pretest is a condition that is used to test for the
completion of loop at the top of loop. In this type of
loop, the statements inside the loop body can never
execute if the terminating condition is false the fist
time it is tested.
n=0;
While (n==0)
{

Loop body

}
Pretest and Posttest loops
A posttest is a condition that is used to test for the
completion of loop at the bottom of the loop. It
means that the statements in the loop will always be
executed at least once.

do;
{

Loop body

}
While (n==0)
FOR loop
For loop executes one or more statements for a specified
number of times. This loop is also called counter-controlled
loop. It is the most flexible loop. That is why, it is the most
frequently-used loop by the programmers.

Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; increment / decrement)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
.
.
Statement n;
}
Flowchart of FOR loop
initialization

Increment / Decrement

TRUE
condition Loop Body

FALSE
Write a program that displays counting from 1 to 10 using for loop.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
Initialization
{
int n;
For (n=1; n<=10; n++)
cout<<n<<endl;
Increment / decrement
Return 0;
}

Condition
Write a program that displays numbers from 1 to 10 using for loop.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int n;
For (n=1; n<=10; n++)
cout<<n<<endl;
Return 0;
}
Write a program that displays product of all odd numbers from 1 to 10
using for loop.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
Long int product=1;
Int c;
For (c=1; c<=10; c=c+2)
product *=c;
cout<<“Result is : ”<<product<<endl;
Return 0;
}
Write a program that inputs table number and length of table and
then displays the table using for loop.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int tab, len,c;
Cout<<“Enter number for table : ”;
Cin>>tab;
Cout<<“Enter the Length of table :”;
Cin>>len;
For (c=1; c<=len; c++)
Cout<<tab<<“ * ”<<c<<“ = ”<<tab*c<<endl;
Return 0;
}
Write a program that to print 1 4 7 10 . . . . .40 using for loop.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int a=1, i, incre=3;
Cout<<“\n The Series is as follow :”;
For (i=1; a<=40; i++)
{
Cout<<a<<“ ”;
a=a+incre;
}
Return 0;
}
Continue statement
The continue statement is used in the body of the loop.
It is used to move the control to the start of loop body.
When this statement is executed in the loop body, the
remaining statements of current iteration are not
executed. The control directly moves to next iteration.
int x;
for(x=1;x<=5;x++)
{
cout<<“Hello World !\n”;
continue;
cout<<“knowledge is Power. ”;
}
Write a program that inputs a number from user using for loop.it
displays the number if it is greater than ZERO otherwise it inputs
next number using continue statement.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int x, num; return 0;
For (x=1; x<=5; x++) }
{
Cout<<“Enter a Number : ”;
Cin>>num;
If (num<=0)
continue
Cout<<“You Entered ”<<num<<endl;
}
break statement
The break statement is used in the body of the loop to
exit from the loop. when this statement is executed in
the loop body, the remaining iterations of the loop are
skipped. The control directly moves outside the body
and statement that comes after the body is executed.
for(x=1;x<=5;x++)
{
cout<<“Questioning\n”;
break;
cout<<“Gateway to Knowledge. ”;
}
cout<<“Good Luck”;