CS-112

Object Oriented Programming

(3+1)
Prerequisites:
Programming Fundamentals

SYED MUHAMMAD RAFI

LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
Constructor and Destructor
Lec-5
 Write a class Marks with three data members to store three marks.
Write three members functions in() to input marks, sum() to calculate and return the sum and avg() to calculate and
return the sum and avg() to calculate and return the average marks.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; float avg()
class Marks
{
return(a+b+c)/3.0;
{
};
private:
int a,b,c;
int main()
public:
{
void in()
Marks m;
{ int s;
cout<<"Enter three marks"; float a;
cin>>a>>b>>c; m.in();
} s=m.sum();
int sum() a=m.avg();
{
return a+b+c; cout<<"Sum="<<s<<endl;
} cout<<"Average="<<a;
return 0;
}
Defining Member Functions outside the Class
• The member functions of a class can also be defined outside the class.
• The declaration of member functions is specified outside class.
• The scope resolution operator :: is used as a function declarator if function is
defined outside the class.
Syntax
The syntax of defining member function the class is as follows:
return_type class_name:: function _name (parameters)
{
Function body
}
Where,
return_type It indicates the type of value to be returned by the function.
Class_name It indicates the name of the class to which the function
belongs.
:: It is the scope resolution operator to define member function
outside the class.
function_name It is the name of function to be defined.
Write a class Array that contains an array of integer to store five values.
It also contains the following member functions
• The fill() function is used to fill the array with the values from the user.
• The display() function is used to display the values of the array .
• The max() function shows the maximum values in the array.
• The min() function shows the minimum value in the array.

All member functions should be defined outside the class.

# include <iostream> int Array::min()
void Array::display()
using namespace std; {
class Array {
int m=a[0];
{ int i;
private: for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
int a[5]; if(m>a[i])
public: cout<<"a["<<i<<"]:"<<a[i]<<endl; m=a[i];
void fill(); } return m;
void display(); int Array::max() }
int max();
int min(); { int main()
}; int m=a[0]; {
void Array::fill() for(int i=0;i<5;i++) Array arr;
{
if(m<a[i]) arr.fill();
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++) m=a[i]; cout<<"you entered the following values:"<<endl;
{ return m; arr.display();
cout<<"Enter a["<<i<<"]:"; cout<<"maximum value="<<arr.max()<<endl;
}
cin>>a[i];
cout<<"minumum value="<<arr.min();
}
}
}
Constructors
• A type of member function that can work automatically when an object of that
class is created is known as constructor.
• The constructor has no return type and has same name that of class name.
• The constructor can work as a normal function but it cannot return any value.
• It is normally defined in class to initialize data member.
Syntax
The syntax of declaring constructor is as follows
name()
{
Constructor body
}
Where,
name It indicates the name of the constructor
the name must be same as the name of class in which the
constructor is declared.
Write a class that displays a simple message on the screen whenever an object of that
class is created.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Hello
{
private:
int n;
public:
Hello()
{
cout<<"Object created..."<<endl;
}

};

int main()
{
Hello x,y,z;
return 0;
}
How above program works
• The above program declares a constructor that displays a message on the
screen.
• The program creates three object in main() function .
• The constructor is executed each time an object of the class is created in the
memory.
 Write a class that contains two integer data members which are initialized to 100 when an object is created. It
has a member function avg that displays the average of data members.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number
{ int main()
private:
int x,y; {
public:
Number()
{
Number
}
x=y=100; n;
void avg()
{ n.avg();
cout<<"x="<<x<<endl;
cout<<"y"<<y<<endl; return 0;
cout<<"Average="<<(x+y)/2<<endl;
} }
};
Passing parameters to Constructors
• The method of passing parameters to the constructor is same as passing
parameters to normal functions.
• The only difference that parameters are passed to the constructor when the
object is declared.
• The parameters are written parenthesis along with the object name in
declaration statement.
Syntax
The syntax of passing parameters to constructor is as follows:
Type object_name(parameters);
Where,
type It is the name of class and indicates the type of object to be
created
Object_name It indicates the name of object to be created.
Parameters It indicates the list of parameters passed to constructor.
 Write a class that has marks and grade as data members. A constructor with two parameters
initializes data members with the given values and member functions show displays the
values of data members. Create two objects and displays the values.

void show()
#include <iostream> {
cout<< "Marks="<<marks<<endl;
cout<<"Grades="<<grade<<endl;
using namespace std;
}
class Student
};
{
private:
int main()
int marks; {
char grade; Student s1(730,'A'),s2(621,'B');
public: cout<<"Record of Students 1:"<<endl;
Student (int m, char g) s1.show();
{ cout<<"Record of student 2:"<<endl;
marks=m; s2.show();
grade=g; return 0;
} }
Constructor Overloading
• The process of declaring multiple constructor with same name but different
parameters is known as constructor overloading.
• The constructor with same name must differ in one of the following ways:

1. Number of parameters
2. Types of parameters
3. Sequence of parameters
 Write a class that has num and ch as data members. A constructor with no parameter initializes num to 0 and ch to ‘x’.
A constructor with two parameters initializes data members with the given values and member function show displays the values of data members

#include <iostream> void show()

using namespace std; {
class Over cout<<"num="<<num<<endl;
{ cout<<"ch="<<ch<<endl;
private: }
int num; };
char ch;
public: int main()
Over() {
{
Over first, second(100, 'p');
num=0;
cout<<"the contents of first:"<<endl;
ch='x';
first.show();
}
cout<<"the contents of second:"<<endl;
Over(int n, char c)
second.show();
{
num=n;
ch=c; return 0;
}
Copy constructor
• A copy constructor is a member function which initializes an object using
another object of the same class.
Syntax
The syntax of copy constructor is as follows
Class Name (const Class Name &Obj Name);
Where,
Class Name It indicates the name of class and indicates the type of object
to be created.
const It is a keyword that is used for copy constructor.
&Obj Name Obj is a reference to an object that is being used to initialize
another object.
#include<iostream>
int getX()
using namespace std;
{
return x;
class Point }
{ int getY()
private: {
return y;
int x, y; }
public: };
Point(int x1, int y1)
{ int main()
x = x1; {
Point p1(10, 15); // Normal constructor is called here
y = y1; Point p2 = p1; // Copy constructor is called here
}
// Let us access values assigned by constructors
// Copy constructor cout << "p1.x = " << p1.getX() << ", p1.y = " << p1.getY();
cout << “\np2.x = " << p2.getX() << ", p2.y = " << p2.getY();
Point(const Point &p2)
{ return 0;
x = p2.x; }
y = p2.y;
}
Default Copy Constructor
• A type of constructor that is used to initialize an object with another object of
the same type is known as default copy constructor.
• Its name is “default copy constructor” because it is available by default in all
classes.
• The user does not need to write this constructor.
• It accepts a single object of the same type as parameter.
• The parameter for default copy constructor can be given in parenthesis or using
assignment operator.
Syntax
The syntax of default copy constructor is as follows
class_name object_name (parameter); OR
class_name object_name = (parameter);
Where,
class_name It indicates the name of class and indicates the type of object
to be created.
object_name It indicates the name of object to be created.
Parameter It indicates the name of parameter that is passed by default
copy constructor.
Example
• An object can be initialized with another object of same type. This is same as copying the contents of a
class to another class.
• In the above program, if you want to initialize an object A3 so that it contains same values as A2, this can
be performed as:

....
int main()
{
Area A2(2, 1);

// Copies the content of A2 to A3

Area A3(A2);
OR,
Area A3 = A2;
}
You might think, you need to create a new constructor to perform this task. But, no additional constructor is
needed. This is because the copy constructor is already built into all classes by default.
 Write a class Book that has attributes for pages, price and title. It has two functions to input the values and display
the values. create three objects of class and input values.
cout<<"\n The details of b1:"<<endl;
#include <iostream> cout<<"Enter pages"; b1.show();
cin>>pg; cout<<"\n The details of b2:"<<endl;
#include <cstring> cout<<"Enter price"; b2.show();
using namespace std; cin>>pr; cout<<"\n The details of b3:"<<endl;
void show() b3.show();
{
class Book cout<<"Title"<<title<<endl; return 0;
{ cout<<"Pages"<<pg<<endl; }
cout<<"Price"<<pr<<endl;
private:
}
int pg, pr; };
char title[50]; int main()
{
public: Book b1;
void get() b1.get();
{ Book b2(b1);
Book b3=b1;
cout <<"Enter tile";
gets(title);
Destructor
• A type of member function that is executed when an object of that class is
destroyed is known as destructor.
• Destructor is a member function which destructs or deletes an object.
• The destructor has no return type and its name is same as class name.
• The destructor cannot return any value.
• It also cannot accept any parameters.
• The constructor name is preceded by tilde sign ~.
When is destructor called?
A destructor function is called automatically when the object goes out of scope:
(1) the function ends
(2) the program ends
(3) a block containing local variables ends
(4) a delete operator is called
Syntax
The syntax of declaring destructor is as follows:
~name()
{
destructor body
}
Where,
~name It indicates the name of destructor. The name must be same as
that of class in which the destructor is declared.
 Write a program to explain the concept of destructor.

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test

{
private:
int n;
public:
Test()
{
cout<<"object Created..."<<endl;
}
~Test()
{
cout<<"object destroyed..."<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Test a,b,c;
}
How Above Program works
• The above program creates a constructor and destructor in the class .
• Both display simple messages on the screen.
• The message “object created ..” will appear when the program is executed.
• The message “object destroyed ..” will appear when the program is terminated
and all objects are destroyed from memory.
End of lecture