EFFECTS OF RAPID CHANGES IN

INDUTRIALIZATION AND
URBANIZATION
DCJ109
Presented by:
Andres N. Garcia
Presented to:
Dr. Esmeraldo Damuag
ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
Objectives
• Understand the socioeconomic impact of rapid
industrialization and urbanization
• Analyze the environmental consequences of urbanization
• Examine the role of technology in shaping urbanization and
industrialization
• Explore the cultural and societal transformations brought
about by urbanization
• Assess the long-term implications and global perspective of
rapid urbanization and industrialization
Introduction:

Rapid industrialization, a hallmark of modernity, has ushered in

profound transformations across the global landscape. This
dynamic process, characterized by the swift growth of
industries and technological advancements, has undoubtedly
reshaped economies, societies, and environments alike. While
industrialization has brought about numerous benefits, such as
increased productivity, economic growth, and improved living
standards, it has also unleashed a host of effects that demand
careful scrutiny.
This delves into the multifaceted impacts of rapid changes in
industrialization, exploring how they touch upon various
aspects of human life, including economic prosperity, social
dynamics, environmental sustainability, and the overall well-
being of communities. By examining the consequences, both
positive and negative, we can gain a deeper understanding of
the complex interplay between industrialization and the
modern world, ultimately shedding light on the challenges
and opportunities that lie ahead in our ever-evolving
industrial landscape.
 Historical Context of Effects of Rapid Changes in
Industrialization and Urbanization:
The effects of rapid industrialization and urbanization have deep historical
roots, stretching back to the late 18th century with the onset of the
Industrial Revolution. This transformative period marked a significant
departure from agrarian economies, as it brought about a swift changes
from manual labor and cottage industries to mechanized factories and
mass production. As industrialization gained momentum, urbanization
emerged as a parallel phenomenon, as people flocked to cities in search
of employment opportunities in the burgeoning factories and industries.
Together, these developments ushered in a new era in human history,
reshaping societies, economies, and the very fabric of urban life.
Industrial Revolution and Economic
Transformation (Late 18th - Early 19th
Century)

The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th

century in Great Britain and subsequently spread to
other parts of Europe and the United States.
Innovations such as the steam engine, spinning jenny,
and power loom revolutionized manufacturing
processes, increasing efficiency and output.
Urbanization and Social Change (19th
Century)
Urbanization during the 19th century saw the rapid growth
of cities and towns. This mass migration from rural areas to
urban centers brought about profound social changes. It led
to the rise of a new urban working class, living in crowded
and often unsanitary conditions. Social issues such as poverty,
inequality, and inadequate housing became prominent
concerns.
Technological Advancements and the Second
Industrial Revolution (Late 19th - Early 20th Century)
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the Second
Industrial Revolution characterized by advancements in
steel production, electricity, and the development of
the automobile. These innovations not only
transformed industries but also further accelerated
urbanization as transportation and infrastructure
networks expanded.
Environmental Impact (19th - 20th Century)
Rapid industrialization and urbanization had
significant environmental consequences. The burning
of coal for energy and the release of industrial
pollutants into the air and water led to severe
environmental degradation and health issues in urban
areas. This marked the beginning of growing
environmental awareness and the need for
regulation.
 Social and Labor Movements
(19th - 20th Century)
The adverse effects of rapid urbanization and
industrialization spurred the emergence of labor
movements and social reform initiatives. Workers
organized for better wages, improved working conditions,
and social reforms, leading to significant changes in labor
laws and worker protections.
 Urban Planning and Infrastructure
Development (20th Century)
As cities continued to grow, urban planning became
a crucial aspect of managing the challenges posed
by rapid urbanization. Initiatives in urban planning
aimed to address issues like housing,
transportation, sanitation, and public health. Major
infrastructure projects were undertaken to
accommodate the expanding urban populations.
 Globalization and Contemporary
Urbanization (20th Century - Present)
In the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st
century, globalization accelerated the pace of
industrialization and urbanization on a global scale.
Developing countries experienced rapid urbanization
and industrialization, leading to new challenges and
opportunities in the globalized world.
 Causes, Effects, and Solutions to
Urbanization Leading to Urban Growth

Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from

rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. It
can also be termed as a progressive increase in the number of
people living in towns and cities. It is highly influenced by the
notion that cities and towns have achieved better economic,
political, and social mileages compared to rural areas.
According to Wikipedia,

“Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the population shift

from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the proportion of
people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies
adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by
which towns and cities are formed and become larger as
more people begin living and working in central areas.“

The majority of people move to cities and towns because

they view rural areas as places with hardship and
backward/primitive lifestyles. Therefore, as
populations move to more developed areas (towns and
cities), the immediate outcome is urbanization.
Various Causes of Urbanization
There are several causes of urbanization. Some of the most
common include:
 INDUSTRIALIZATION

Industrialization is the shift

from the old agricultural
economics to a novel non-
agricultural economy, which
creates a modernized society.

Through the industrial revolution, more people have

been attracted to move from rural to urban areas due
to improved employment opportunities.
Commercialization
Commerce and trade play a major role in
urbanization. The distribution of goods and services
and commercial transactions in the modern era has
developed modern marketing institutions and
exchange methods. This has tremendously given rise
to the growth of towns and cities.
Social Benefits and Services
There are numerous social benefits attributed to life
in cities and towns. Examples include better
educational facilities, better living standards, better
sanitation and housing, better health care, better
recreation facilities, and better social life in general.
 Employment Opportunities
In cities and towns, ample job opportunities continually
draw people from rural areas to seek a better livelihood.

Therefore, most people frequently migrate to urban

areas to access well-paying jobs, as urban areas have
countless employment opportunities in all
developmental sectors, like public health, education,
transport, sports and recreation, industries, and business
enterprises.
 Modernization and Changes in the
Mode of Living
Modernization plays a very important role in the process
of urbanization. As urban areas become more
technology-savvy, together with highly sophisticated
communication, infrastructure, medical facilities, dress
code, enlightenment, liberalization, and other social
amenities available, people believe they can lead a
happy life in cities
Rural-urban Transformation
As localities become more fruitful and prosperous due to
the discovery of minerals, resource exploitation, or
agricultural activities, cities emerge as the rural areas
transform into urbanism. The increase in productivity
leads to economic growth and higher value-added
employment opportunities.
 Effects of Urbanization on Our
Cities
Urbanization has both positive and negative effects on our cities.
Let’s explore some of these impacts;
Positive Effects of Urbanization

Urbanization yields
several positive effects
if it happens within
the appropriate limits.
Some of the positive implications of urbanization include:

 The creation of employment opportunities

 Technological and infrastructural advancements
 Improved transportation and communication
 Quality educational and medical facilities
 Improved standards of living.
However, extensive urbanization mostly results in adverse
effects. Below listed points are a few of them.
 Housing Problems
Urbanization attracts people to cities and towns, leading
to a high population increase. With the increase in the
number of people living in urban centers, there is a
continued scarcity of houses.

This is due to insufficient expansion space for housing

and public utilities, poverty, unemployment, and costly
building materials that only a few individuals can afford.
Overcrowding
Overcrowding is a situation whereby a huge
number of people live in a small space. This
form of congestion in urban areas is consistent
because of overpopulation, an aspect that
increases daily as more people and immigrants
move into cities and towns for better livelihood.
 Unemployment
The problem of joblessness is highest in urban areas and
affects even the educated people. The youths are the
most affected demographic group, and it’s estimated
that they are three times more likely to be unemployed
than adults.

And, as much as income in urban areas is high, the costs of

living make the incomes seem horribly low. The increasing
relocation of people from rural or developing areas to
urban areas is the leading cause of urban unemployment.
Development of Slums
The cost of living in urban
areas is very high. When this
is combined with random and
unexpected growth and
unemployment, there is the
spread of unlawful resident
settlements represented by
slums and squatters.
Water and Sanitation Problems
Because of overpopulation and rapid population increase
in most urban centers, inadequate sewage facilities are
likely to be common.

Municipalities and local governments are faced with

serious resource crisis in managing sewage facilities. As a
result, sanitation becomes poor and sewages flow
chaotically, draining into neighboring streams, rivers, lakes,
or seas.
 Eventually, communicable diseases such as
typhoid, dysentery, plague, and diarrhea
spread very fast, leading to suffering and even
deaths. On top of that, overcrowding highly
contributes to water scarcity as supply is less
demand.
 Poor Health and Spread of Diseases
The social, economic, and living conditions in congested
urban areas affect access and utilization of public health care
services.

Slum areas, in particular, experience poor sanitation and

insufficient water supply, making the people living there
susceptible to communicable diseases such as allergies,
asthma, infertility, food poisoning, cancer, and even
premature deaths.
Traffic Congestion
When more people move to towns and cities, one of the
major challenges posed is in the transport system. More
people means an increased number of vehicles, leading to
traffic congestion and vehicular pollution.

Many people in urban areas drive to work, creating a

severe traffic problem, especially during rush hours. Also,
as the cities grow in dimension, people will move to shop
and access other social needs/wants, often causing traffic
congestion and blockage.
Urban Crime
Issues of lack of resources,
overcrowding, unemployment,
poverty, and lack of social
services and education habitually
lead to many social problems,
including violence, drug abuse,
and crime.
Solutions to Urbanization
Although most effects of urbanization are negative, there are a
few that can be done to help mitigate the negative impacts.

These include:
 Building Sustainable and
Environmentally-friendly Cities
Governments should pass laws that plan and provide
environmentally sound cities and smart growth techniques,
considering that people should not reside in unsafe and
polluted areas.

The objective here is to build

sustainable cities that embrace improved environmental
conditions and safe habitats for all urban populations.
Governments should also encourage sustainable
use of urban resources and support an economy
based on sustainable environments, such as
through investment in green infrastructure,
sustainable industries, recycling and environmental
campaigns, pollution management,
renewable energy, green public transportation,
and water recycling and reclamation.
Provision of Essential Services
Urban stakeholders must ensure all populations within the
urban areas have access to adequate essential social
services, namely education, health, sanitation and clean
water, technology, electricity, and food.

This will provide and implement employment opportunities

and wealth creation activities so that people can earn a living
to pay for the maintenance of the services.
The governments can also avail subsidies to
lower the costs of basic healthcare, basic
education, energy, education, public
transportation, communication systems, and
technology.
Creation of More Jobs
To lessen the negative effects of
rapid urbanization while at the same
time conserving natural ecosystems,
private investments should be
encouraged to
utilize natural resources and create
more job opportunities.
 Population Control
Key stakeholders in urban areas must provide campaigns
and counseling for effective medical health clinics and
family planning to help reduce the high rates of
population growth.

Medical health clinics oriented towards family planning

options must be made accessible across the entire urban
area with the objective of controlling diseases and
population growth.
References:
• Industrialization and the Transformation of American life by Jonathan
Rees

• Industrial Revolution and the Standard of living-www.econlib.org

• Urbanization and other Effects of the Industrial

Revolution-https://study.com

• Globalization and Urbanization-Google https://academic.oup.com

• Social and Labor Movement-https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu

• And some related articles

Thank you !!!