STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

CORE SUBJECT TITLE

CORE SUBJECT DESCRIPTION
• At the end of the course, the students must
know how to find the mean and variance of a
random variable, to apply sampling
techniques and distributions, to estimate
population mean and proportion, to perform
hypothesis testing on population mean and
proportion, and to perform correlation and
regression analyses on real-life problems
 CHAPTER 1:
RANDOM VARIABLES AND
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
• Decision-making is an important aspect in
business, education, insurance, and other
real-life situations. Many decisions are
made by assigning probabilities to all
possible outcomes pertaining to the
situation and then evaluating the results.
Random Variables and Probability Distributions

• For instance, an insurance company

might be able to assign probabilities to
the number of vehicles a family owns.
This information will help the company in
making decisions regarding future
financial situations. This situation requires
the use of random variables and the
probability distribution.
Random Variables and Probability Distributions

• This chapter will explain the concept of

random variables and probability
distribution. We will learn how to construct
the probability mass function of a discrete
probability distribution and describe its
properties and characteristics by
computing its mean and variance.
 LESSON ONE:
EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
• Illustrate a random variable;
• Classify random variables as discrete or
continuous; and
• Find the possible values of a random
variable.
In-class Activity 1: Defective Cell Phones
• Recall that a variable is a characteristic or
attribute that can assume different values.
We use capital letters to denote or
represent a variable. In this lesson, we
shall discuss variables that are
associated with probabilities, called
random variables.
Defective Cell Phones
• Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We
want to find out the number of defective cell phones that
occur. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we
shall assign a value. These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no
defective cell phone, we assign the number 0; if there is 1
defective cell phone, we assign the number 1; if there are
two defective cell phones, we assign the number 2; and 3,
if there are three defective cell phones. The number of
defective cell phones is a random variable. The possible
values of this random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Illustration:
• Let D represent the defective cell phone and
N represent the non-defective cell phone. If
we let x be the random variable representing
the number of defective cell phones, can you
show the values of a random variable X?
Complete the table below to show the values
of the random variable.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE X
(NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE CELL PHONES)
Rule:
• A random variable is a function
that associates a real number to
each element in the sample
space. It is a variable whose
values are determined by chance.
In-Class Activity 2: Tossing Three Coins

• Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y

be the random variable representing
the number of tails that occur. Find the
values of the random variable Y.
Complete the table below.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE Y
(NUMBER OF TAILS)
STEPS

1. DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SPACE. LET H

REPRESENT HEAD AND T REPRESENT TAIL.
2. COUNT THE NUMBER OF TAILS IN EACH OUTCOME
IN THE SAMPLE SPACE AND ASSIGN THIS NUMBER TO
THIS OUTCOME.
SOLUTION:

1. THE SAMPLE SPACE FOR THIS

EXPERIMENT IS:
S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH,
THH, HHH}
SOLUTION:
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE Y
(NUMBER OF TAILS)

TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
SOLUTION:

SO, THE POSSIBLE VALUES

OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE
Y ARE 0, 1, 2, AND 3
In-Class Activity 3: Drawing Balls From an Urn

• Two balls are drawn in succession without

replacement from an urn containing 5 red
balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random
variable representing the number of blue balls.
Find the values of the random variable Z.
Complete the table below.
STEPS:
1. DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SPACE. LET B
REPRESENT THE BLUE BALL AND R
REPRESENT THE RED BALL
2. COUNT THE NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS IN
EACH OUTCOME IN THE SAMPLE SPACE
AND ASSIGN THIS NUMBER TO THIS
OUTCOME.
SOLUTION:

1. THE SAMPLE SPACE FOR

THIS EXPERIMENT IS:
S= {RR, RB, BR, BB}
SOLUTION:
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF RANDOM VARIABLE Z
(NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS)

RR 0

RB 1

BR 1

BB 2
SOLUTION:

SO, THE POSSIBLE

VALUES OF THE RANDOM
VARIABLE Z ARE 0, 1, AND
2
MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL
• The random variables in the
preceding activities are called
discrete random variables
because the set of possible
outcomes is countable.
MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL
• For In-Class Activity 1, the possible values of
random variable X are 0, 1, 2, and 3. The
possible values for random variable Y in In-
Class Activity 2, are 0, 1, 2, and 3; and in In-
Class Activity 3, the possible values of random
variable Z are 0, 1, and 2. Random variables
X, Y, and Z are discrete random variables.
MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL
• Suppose an experiment is conducted to
determine the distance that a certain type of
car will travel using 10 liters of gasoline over a
prescribed test course. If distance is a random
variable, then we have an infinite number of
distances that cannot be equated to the
number of whole numbers. This is an example
of a continuous random variable.
How do you describe a discrete random
variable?
A random variable is a discrete random
variable if its set of possible outcomes is
countable. Mostly, discrete random
variables represent count data, such as the
number of defective chairs produced in a
factory.
How do you describe a continuous random variable?

A random variable is a continuous

random variable if it takes on values on
a continuous scale. Often, continuous
random variables represent measured
data, such as heights, weights, and
temperatures.
Exercises:

1. Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable

representing the number of heads occur. Find the values of
the random variable Z.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE Z
Exercises:

2. A shipment of five computers contains two that are

slightly defective. If a retailer receives three of these
computers at random, list the elements of the sample space
S using the letters D and N for defective and non-defective
computers, respectively. To each sample point assign a
value x of the random variable X representing the number
of computers purchased by the retailer which are slightly
defective.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE X
 3. Classify the ff: random variables as discrete or
continuous.
a. the no. of defective comptuters produced by a
manufacturer
b. the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
c. the no. of siblings in a family of a region
d. the amount of paint utilized in a building project
e. the no. of dropout in a school district for a period
of 10 years.
f. the speed of a car
g. the no. of dropout in a school district for a
period of 10 years
h. the time needed to finish the test
i. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
j. the no. of people who are playing LOTTO
each day
k. the no. of accidents per year at an intersection
l. the no. of voters favoring a candidate
m. the no. of patients arrivals per hour at a
medical clinic
n. the average amount of electricity consumed per
household per month
o. the no. of deaths per year attributed to lung
cancer
 LESSON TWO:
CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

• illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random

variable and its properties;
• compute probabilities corresponding to a given random
variable; and
• construct the probability mass function of a discrete
random variable corresponding histogram.
Constructing Probability Distributions
• Decision-making is an important aspect in business,
education, insurance, and other real-life situations. Many
decisions are made by assigning probabilities to all
possible outcomes pertaining to the situation and then
evaluating the results.
Constructing Probability Distributions
• For instance, an insurance company might be able to
assign probabilities to the number of vehicles a family
owns. This information will help the company in making
decisions regarding future financial situations. This
situation requires the use of random variables and the
probability distribution.
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
MONTHLY TEST
 A.Classify the ff: random variables as
discrete or continuous. WRITE D OR C
ONLY
a. the no. of defective computers produced by a
manufacturer
b. the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
c. the no. of siblings in a family of a region
d. the amount of paint utilized in a building project
e. the no. of dropout in a school district for a period
of 10 years.
f. the speed of a car
g. the no. of dropout in a school district for a
period of 10 years
h. the time needed to finish the test
i. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
j. the no. of people who are playing LOTTO
each day
k. the no. of accidents per year at an intersection
l. the no. of voters favoring a candidate
m. the no. of patients arrivals per hour at a
medical clinic
n. the average amount of electricity consumed per
household per month
o. the no. of deaths per year attributed to lung
cancer
 B. Solve the following:
1. A shipment of five computers contains two that
are slightly defective. If a retailer receives three of
these computers at random, list the elements of
the sample space S using the letters D and N for
defective and non-defective computer,
respectively. To each sample point assign a value
x of the random variable X representing the
number of computers purchased by the retailer
which are slightly defective.
2. Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the
random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Find the
values of the random variable Z.
C. Complete the table and find the mean of
the following probability distribution
X P(X) X*P(X)

2 0.10

4 0.23

6 0.25

8 0.36

10 0.06
X P(X) X*P(X)

1 3/10

2 1/10

3 2/10

4 2/10

5 2/10
ANG EXAM PARANG PAG-IBIG
SA ISANG TAO, MINSAN
PASADO, MINSAN BAGSAK.
PERO ANG MAHALAGA,
KUNG PAANO KA NAGING
TAPAT AT PAANO MO
TANGGAPIN ANG RESULTA
NG PAGHIHIRAP
GOODLUCK!