Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 54 views

    Solid State Bonding in Solids

    Uploaded by

    bookregtest
    There are four main types of bonding in solids to form crystals: 1) metallic bonding where electrons are delocalized in a "sea" of electrons, 2) covalent bonding through the sharing of electron orbitals, 3) ionic bonding through the exchange of electrons between atoms, and 4) molecular bonding through localized electrons and atomic forces. For each type of bonding, the electron wavefunctions overlap throughout the crystal volume, allowing each electron energy state to be described by a single wave function. This overview discusses the bonding principles that allow atoms to form crystalline solids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Solid State Bonding in Solids

    Uploaded by

    bookregtest
    54 views6 pages
    There are four main types of bonding in solids to form crystals: 1) metallic bonding where electrons are delocalized in a "sea" of electrons, 2) covalent bonding through the sharing of electron orbitals, 3) ionic bonding through the exchange of electrons between atoms, and 4) molecular bonding through localized electrons and atomic forces. For each type of bonding, the electron wavefunctions overlap throughout the crystal volume, allowing each electron energy state to be described by a single wave function. This overview discusses the bonding principles that allow atoms to form crystalline solids.

    Original Title

    Solid State Bonding in Solids - Copy

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    There are four main types of bonding in solids to form crystals: 1) metallic bonding where electrons are delocalized in a "sea" of electrons, 2) covalent bonding through the sharing of electron orbitals, 3) ionic bonding through the exchange of electrons between atoms, and 4) molecular bonding through localized electrons and atomic forces. For each type of bonding, the electron wavefunctions overlap throughout the crystal volume, allowing each electron energy state to be described by a single wave function. This overview discusses the bonding principles that allow atoms to form crystalline solids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    54 views6 pages

    Solid State Bonding in Solids

    Uploaded by

    bookregtest
    There are four main types of bonding in solids to form crystals: 1) metallic bonding where electrons are delocalized in a "sea" of electrons, 2) covalent bonding through the sharing of electron orbitals, 3) ionic bonding through the exchange of electrons between atoms, and 4) molecular bonding through localized electrons and atomic forces. For each type of bonding, the electron wavefunctions overlap throughout the crystal volume, allowing each electron energy state to be described by a single wave function. This overview discusses the bonding principles that allow atoms to form crystalline solids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Week 2 Crystallography

    Video 7 Atoms in Crystals


    The bonding of Atoms to form Crystals

    There are four main types of bonding in solids to form crystals. Thermodynamically it’s the
    minimization of energy which drives the fusion or condensation of atoms from the liquid
    or gaseous state to form a solid. The process is reversible typically.

    For each of the four bonding scenarios, the electrons involved in the bonding process
    have electron clouds/orbitals that overlap. This is important as it means the electron
    states represented by wave functions are single valued - the wave function cannot in
    reality be multivalued at any point. Even where there are grain boundaries between
    poly-crystals we might expect quantum mechanical tunneling to occur if the tunneling
    barrier is sufficiently thin.
    1. Metallic binding – e.g. Potassium Immersed in a sea of delocalized electrons
    Potassium has one valence electron per atom
    and each nearest neighbour is contributing
    19+ 19+ 19+ 19+ negative charge - holding the nucleus fixed in
    position against a repulsive force arising from
    encroaching electron clouds. Potassium forms a
    19+ 19+ 19+ 19+ BCC crystal with an APF of 0.68. Magnesium
    atoms with two valence electrons forms FCC
    with an APF of 0.74 suggesting tighter and hence
    stronger binding.
    The bonding of Atoms to form Crystals (2)

    2. Covalent bonding – e.g. Carbon Localised electrons and sharing between


    orbitals
    There is sufficient overlap of the wavefunctions
    through the volume of the crystal for each
    electron energy state to be single valued
    Carbon (diamond structure) forms a hybrid bond
    involving s and p shells and is called the sp 3
    bond. Its APF is 0.34 and is an anomaly in the
    sense the bond strength is very high, and carbon
    is the hardest element.

    3. Ionic bonding – e.g. Potassium Chloride Localised electrons and exchange filling of
    orbitals

    19+ 17+ 19+ 17+ There is sufficient overlap of the wavefunctions


    18- 18-
    through the volume of the crystal for each
    18- 18-
    electron energy state to be single valued
    17+ 19+ 17+ 19+
    The bonding of atoms to form Crystals (3)

    Molecular bonding – e.g. Solid Argon Localised electrons and atomic force bonding

    Quantum mechanical tunnelling can maintain an


    18+ 18+ 18+ 18+ overlap of the wavefunctions through the
    volume of the crystal.

    18+ 18+ 18+ 18+


    The atomic force is also known as the Van Der
    Waals force

    The localized valence electrons are described as nearly free but this does not mean the individual
    electrons are locked permanently in position between the ion cores.

    The electrons are fermions (with ½ spin up & ½ spin down) and are indistinguishable in the solid.
    This means they could be interchanged in position with each other (in a classical sense) and the
    system (ensemble) does not change.

    Electrons are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle, and they obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
    Schrodinger’s equation yields a wave function solution of each electron predicting the electron
    can be found anywhere but it is more likely to find the electron localized between the ion cores.
    Bonding and the valence band
    The covalent bond between hydrogen atoms to form H2 is a useful illustration of how
    non-metal crystals form.

    Symmetrical in space electron wavefunction


    𝜓↑ 𝜓↓
    Pauli’s exclusion principle requires the spins to
    be up and down
    + +
    Hydrogen atoms
    𝜓↑ 𝜓↓
    Highest density of electrons

    + + Less dense but significant for bonding

    2
    𝜓 𝜓
    2

    +
    -+ - - - - -
    + + + + + +
    Hydrogen molecule Solid crystal
    The valence band and conduction band

    Non-metal electron energy (nearly free) 2


    𝑝
    +𝑈 0 =𝐸𝑇
    2𝑚 𝑒
    Solid crystal
    2
    𝜓

    - - - - - Schrodinger equation

    + + + + + + 𝑥 Valence electron energy


    𝑈0
    𝐸
    Conduction Band (Empty)

    Potential wells align with the ion cores Energy gap (no electron states)

    Valence Band (Full)

    Schrodinger equation solutions

    You might also like