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    Neuro 4

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    Neurons transmit electrical signals through graded potentials and action potentials. Graded potentials are variable strength signals that travel short distances through changes in ion channel permeability, while action potentials are brief, uniform signals that propagate long distances via voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. The movement of ions through these channels in response to changes in membrane potential underlies the generation and propagation of electrical signals in neurons.

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    Neuro 4

    Uploaded by

    AK
    7 views20 pages
    Neurons transmit electrical signals through graded potentials and action potentials. Graded potentials are variable strength signals that travel short distances through changes in ion channel permeability, while action potentials are brief, uniform signals that propagate long distances via voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. The movement of ions through these channels in response to changes in membrane potential underlies the generation and propagation of electrical signals in neurons.

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    Neurons transmit electrical signals through graded potentials and action potentials. Graded potentials are variable strength signals that travel short distances through changes in ion channel permeability, while action potentials are brief, uniform signals that propagate long distances via voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. The movement of ions through these channels in response to changes in membrane potential underlies the generation and propagation of electrical signals in neurons.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views20 pages

    Neuro 4

    Uploaded by

    AK
    Neurons transmit electrical signals through graded potentials and action potentials. Graded potentials are variable strength signals that travel short distances through changes in ion channel permeability, while action potentials are brief, uniform signals that propagate long distances via voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. The movement of ions through these channels in response to changes in membrane potential underlies the generation and propagation of electrical signals in neurons.

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    Neuro 4

    Topics
    • Electrical signals in neurons 8.3 (234-239)
    • Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) equation
    • Gated channels
    • Graded potentials (236-239)
    – Action potentials (239-248)
    • Movement of ions
    • Na+ channel gating

    http://pollev.com/bmsc207
    Poll Q
    • Considering the direction of signal movement,
    click on the soma of the presynaptic neuron
    Ion movements create electrical signals
    A change in the K+ concentration gradient or change in permeability
    to ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+ or Cl-) alters the membrane potential

    -a significant change in membrane potential (i.e. -70mV to +30mV) does not


    indicate a change in concentration gradients of a given ion
    -very few ions need to move to alter the membrane potential (to alter the
    membrane potential by 100mV, 1 out of every 100,000 K+ ions must enter
    or leave the cell), which is a tiny fraction of total K+ in cell
    -the concentration gradients for ions remain relatively constant during most
    alterations in membrane potential
    Gated channels control ion permeability in neurons
    Ion permeability is primarily altered by opening or closing ion
    channels in the membrane
    -new open channels can be added or removed from the membrane
    to alter permeability (slow)

    5 major types of ion channels:


    1. Na+ channels
    2. K+ channel Type of ion(s) allowed to
    3. Ca2+ channel flow through: selectivity
    4. Cl- channel
    5. monovalent cation channels (allow Na+ and K+ to pass)
    The ease with which ions flow through a channel is known as the
    channel’s conductance
    -varies with the gating state of the channel (open or closed)
    -channel protein isoform
    Gated channels
    1. Mechanically gated channels-
    open in response to physical
    forces (pressure or stretch),
    found in sensory neurons

    2. Chemically gated ion


    channels-in neurons respond to
    ligands including extracellular
    neurotransmitters and
    neuromodulators or
    intracellular signaling molecules

    3. Voltage-gated channels-
    respond to changes in the
    cells membrane potential
    Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Tortora. 14th Ed.
    Gated channels
    There is much variation in gated channels:

    -voltage for channel opening can vary from channel to channel

    -the speed at which channels open or close varies

    -many channels that open to depolarizations will close during


    repolarization

    -some channels spontaneously inactivate

    -Each major channel type has subtypes, some have many


    -varying properties between subtypes
    -multiple isoforms that express different gating kinetics
    -modified by different proteins and pathways
    Poll Q

    Axons of neurons in both the peripheral and


    central nervous system are readily capable of
    undergoing regeneration when damage
    occurs.
    a) True
    b) False
    Current flow and Ohm’s law
    The opening of ion channels allow ions to move in or out of a cell
    -the flow of electrical charge carried by an ion is the ions current (I)

    Current flow follows Ohm’s law:


    -current flow (I) is directly proportional to the electrical potential
    difference (in volts, V) between two points and inversely
    proportional to the resistance (R). I=V/R

    -two sources of resistance in a cell:


    -membrane resistance (Rm)
    -resistance of phospholipid bilayer
    -internal resistance of the cytoplasm (Ri)
    -cytoplasmic composition and size of the cell

    -resistance will determine how far current will flow in a cell before
    the energy is dissipated
    Electrical signals in neurons
    Voltage changes across the membrane can be classified
    in to two types of electrical signals:

    1. Graded potentials: variable strength signals that


    travel over short distances and lose strength as they
    travel. Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing. If graded
    potentials create a large enough depolarization it can
    induce an action potential.

    2. Actions potentials: very brief, large depolarizations


    that travel for long distances through a neuron without
    losing strength. Rapid signals over long distances.
    Graded potentials
    CNS and efferent neurons

    http://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/neuron_med.jpeg Action potentials


    Sensory neurons

    CNS
    Skin
    https://goo.gl/images/VBr8Dy

    Graded potentials
    Action potentials
    (generator potentials)
    -graded because amplitude (size) Graded Potentials
    of depol. or hyperpol. is directly
    proportional to the strength of the
    stimulus and can vary.
    -decrease in strength
    as they spread out
    from the point of
    origin.
    -Generated by
    chemically gated
    (ligand gated) ion
    channels or closure of
    leak channels (CNS
    and efferent neurons)
    -chemical, mechanical, thermal
    gated in sensory neurons Local current flow
    Graded Potentials Reflect Stimulus Strength
    •Local current flow is a wave of depolarization or hyperpolarization
    that moves through the cell

    • Graded potentials lose strength as


    they move through the cell due to
    – Current leak: open channels
    allow ions to leak out
    – Cytoplasmic resistance:

    Vander’s Human Physiology 13th ed.

    •Excitatory versus inhibitory


    - Depolarization: Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
    - Hyperpolarization: Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

    •If strong enough (excitatory), graded potentials reach the trigger


    zone and fire an action potential
    Poll Q
    The flow of current in a cell depends on:
    a) change in voltage across the cell membrane
    b) the resistance of the cell membrane
    c) the internal resistance of the cytoplasm
    d) all of the above
    Trigger zone (axon hillock)
    High concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels
    -if membrane potential is ~-55 mV an AP will be generated
    Action potential (AP)
    Electrical signals of uniform strength (all-or-none) that travel from the
    trigger zone to the axon terminals
    Sequential opening of
    voltage gated ion
    channels in the axon
    membrane as electrical
    current moves down

    Movement of AP
    along axon is
    referred to as
    conduction of AP

    Not a single AP that travels through the cell but rather a new AP generated in each adjacent area
    Na+ and K+ move across the membrane during AP’s
    Conduction of the AP requires a few types of ions channels: voltage gated Na+ and K+
    channels as well as the leak channels that help set the resting membrane potential

    Voltage gated Na+


    and K+ channels
    are both activated
    by depolarization,
    K+ channels just
    open more slowly
    Poll Q

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