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    Human Bones

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    muhammad ijaz
    Bone is composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water. There are two types of bone tissue: cortical bone, which is dense and found at the outer surface, and spongy bone found at the inner surface. Bone contains four main cell types that help build and maintain the bone structure. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

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    Human Bones

    Uploaded by

    muhammad ijaz
    13 views39 pages
    Bone is composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water. There are two types of bone tissue: cortical bone, which is dense and found at the outer surface, and spongy bone found at the inner surface. Bone contains four main cell types that help build and maintain the bone structure. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

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    Bone is composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water. There are two types of bone tissue: cortical bone, which is dense and found at the outer surface, and spongy bone found at the inner surface. Bone contains four main cell types that help build and maintain the bone structure. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    13 views39 pages

    Human Bones

    Uploaded by

    muhammad ijaz
    Bone is composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water. There are two types of bone tissue: cortical bone, which is dense and found at the outer surface, and spongy bone found at the inner surface. Bone contains four main cell types that help build and maintain the bone structure. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Bone Composition

     Bone is very strong for Cortical Bone

    its relatively light weight


     The major components Spongy Bone
    of bone are:
    Calcium carbonate
    Medullary (marrow) cavity
    Calcium phosphate
    Collagen
    Water
    Bone Composition Cont’d
     Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate:
     Make up 60-70% of bone weight
     Provide much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to
    pressing or squeezing forces
     Collagen (a protein):
     Gives bone its characteristic flexibility and contributes to its
    ability to resist pulling and stretching forces
     With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes
    more brittle.
     Water
     Bone consists of much smaller proportion of water than other
    body parts
    Bone Histology
     4 types of cells
    Osteoprogenitor cells
    Osteoblasts
    Osteocytes
    Osteoclasts
     Osteoprogenitor cells

    Osteo = bone, pro = precursor,


    gen = to produce

    Unspecialized cells

    Undergo mitosis and develop into


    osteoblasts

    Found in: inner periosteum,


    endosteum, and in canals
     Osteoblasts
    Cells that form bone

    Lost ability to divide

    Secretes collagen which helps build bones

    Found on surface of bones


     Osteoclasts
    Develop from circulating
    monocytes (WBC)

    Settles on surface of bone

    Function is bone resorption


    (destroying matrix)

    Helps development, growth,


    maintenance and repair of
    bone
     Osteocytes
    Mature bone cells from osteoblasts

    Principal cells of bone tissue

    Can’t divide

    Maintains cellular activity


    ○ Exchange of nutrients and waste with blood
    ○ Calcium absorption
    Bone Classification
     According to shape
    Four types
     According to the degree of porosity,
    bone can be classified into two general
    categories:
    Cortical bone (low porosity)
    Spongy or cancellous bone (high porosity)
    Cancellous bone Compact Bone
    •Porosity •High (Low mineral •Low (High mineral
    content and high content and low
    collagen) collagen)

    •Structure •Honey comb •Compact

    •Characteristic •Provides more flexibility •Stiffer and can resist


    but is not as stress greater stress but less
    resistant flexible
    •Function •Shock absorption due •Withstanding stress in
    to its better ability to body areas that are
    change shape are subject to higher impact
    important loads
    •Location •e.g., vertebrae •Long bones (e.g., bones
    of the arms and legs)
    According to shape

    •Long
    •Short
    •Flat
    •Irregular
    (1) Long bone
    Cylindrical

    Longer than they are


    wide

    Ex: femur, humerus


    (2) Short bones
    As long as they
    are wide

    Sometimes have
    cuboidal shape
    (3)Flat bones
    When bone tissue
    invades and hardens
    fibrous membranes

    They are sheet-like in


    shape

    Usually curved rather


    than flat
    (4) Irregular bones
    Complex in shape

    Do not fit into other


    categories
    Effect of Fitness on Bone
     When bones are subjected to regular
    physical activity and habitual loads, they
    tend to become denser and more
    mineralized
    e.g. Right forearm of the right-handed tennis
    player is more dense than her left one from
    using it more frequently
     Inactivity works in the opposite direction,
    leading to a decrease in weight and
    strength.
    e.g. Loss of bone mass has been noted in bed-
    ridden patients, inactive senior citizens, and
    astronauts
    Types of skeleton
     Axial skeleton

     Appendicular skeleton
    Axial Skeleton

    Skull

    Sternum
    Ribs

    Vertebral
    Column
    Axial skeleton
     Axial – 80 bones
    Central axis of skeleton
    28 are skull bones
    26 vertebrae
    25 rib cage bones
    1 unattached hyoid bone
    Skull
     Divided into two parts:

    a) Calvaria

    b) Face
    a) Calvaria

    Parietal Bone
    Frontal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Temporal Bone
    Calvaria Cont.
     May be fractured in blows to the
    skull (e.g., in hockey, being
    checked and hitting the skull on
    the ice)

     Temporal bone:
     more fragile of the calvaria bones
     overlies one of the major blood
    vessels
     if fractured and displaced internally
    = medical emergency (picture)
    b) Facial Bones

    Lacrimal Bone
    Nasal Bone
    Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla Bone

    Mandible Bone
    Vertebral Column
    7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck) Lumbar vertebra,
    lateral view

    12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)

    Lumbar vertebra,
    superior view

    5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)

    Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)

    Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)


    Vertebral Column
     Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical
    column interspersed with fibrocartilaginous
    (intervertebral) discs
     Function:
    provides a strong and flexible support for the body
    and the ability to keep the body erect
    the point of attachment for the muscles of the
    back.
    protect the spinal cord and nerves
    absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs
    without causing damage to other vertebrae
    Ribs
     Twelve pairs
     Made up of :
    bone
    cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and
    permit it to expand.
     Curved and slightly twisted making it
    ideal to protect the chest area
    Ribs Cont’d
     All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve
    thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
     Classified into three groups based on anterior
    attachment: (picture)
     true ribs
    ○ 1-7
    ○ attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum
     false ribs
    ○ 8-10
    ○ attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib
     floating ribs
    ○ 11 and 12
    ○ only attach to the vertebral column
    The Ribs

    Manubrium

    Sternal Body
    True Ribs
    (1-7)

    Xiphoid Process

    False Ribs
    (8-10)
    Costal Cartilages Floating Ribs
    (11-12)
    Sternum
     Mid-line breast bone
     The clavicles and ribs one to seven
    articulate with the sternum

    Sternum – comprised of
    the manubrium, sternal
    body and xiphoid process
    Appendicular skeleton
    Consists of:
    126 nonaxial bones
    Includes bones of extremities
    64 bones in upper extremities
    pectoral girdle : 4
    arm & forearm : 6
    Hands : 54 ( C16, M 10, PP 10, IP 8. DP 10)
    62 bones in lower extremities
    Pelvic: 2
    Thigh & leg : 8
    Feet & ankle: 52 ( T 14, M 10, PP 10, IP 8, DP 10)
    Clavicle
    1.Pectoral Girdle
    Consists of: Scapula

    Scapula (shoulder blade)


    Clavicle (collar bone)

     Allows the upper limb great mobility


     The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of
    attachment between the axial skeleton and the
    pectoral girdle
    2. Pelvic Girdle
     Formed by pair of os coxae (hip
    bones)
     supports the bladder and
    abdominal contents
     Attachment:
     Posteriorly – join with the sacrum
     Anteriorly - join to each other
    anteriorly
     Laterally – join to the head of thigh
    bone through a cup-shaped
    acetabulum
    3. Upper Limb
    Humerus

     Humerus
    The arm bone
    shoulder to elbow
     Radius and Ulna Radius

    The forearm bones


    Ulna
    elbow to wrist
    the radius being located on the thumb side of
    the hand
    when you pronate the forearm, the radius is
    actually crossing over the ulna - try it yourself
    Upper Limb Cont.

    Carpals

    Proximal
    Phalanx Metacarpals

    Phalanges
    Middle
    Phalanx
    Distal
    Phalanx
    4. Lower Limb
     Femur Femur
    thigh bone
    from hip to knee
     Patella
    Patella
    knee cap
    sesamoid bone in the
    tendon of the
    quadriceps muscles
    (thigh)
    Lower Limb Cont’d
     Tibia and Fibula
     leg bones
     From knee to ankle
     Tibia is medial and fibula is Fibula
    lateral

     Medial malleolus and


    Lateral malleolus
     The distal ends of the tibia and
    fibula, respectively Tibia
     commonly referred to as the
    "ankle bones"
     can be easily palpated Lat. malleolus

    Med. malleolus
    Lower Limb Cont’d Talus

     Tarsals
     ankle bones
     calcaneus or the heel bone
     talus Calcaneus
     Metatarsals
     5 bones of the foot
    Tarsals
     unite with the toes
     Phalanges
     toe bones
    Metatarsals
     three per toe except the big
    toe - proximal, middle and
    distal

    Phalanges

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