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    The Human Skeleton

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    anwar safwan
    The human skeleton contains 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. There are five types of bones: long bones like the femur and phalanges; short bones like the carpals in the wrist; flat bones like the skull and scapula; irregular bones like the vertebrae and sacrum; and sesamoid bones like the patella in the knee. Bones form through ossification of cartilage and require calcium for strong growth. The skeleton allows various motions through different joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder and hinge elbow joints.

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    The Human Skeleton

    Uploaded by

    anwar safwan
    70 views10 pages
    The human skeleton contains 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. There are five types of bones: long bones like the femur and phalanges; short bones like the carpals in the wrist; flat bones like the skull and scapula; irregular bones like the vertebrae and sacrum; and sesamoid bones like the patella in the knee. Bones form through ossification of cartilage and require calcium for strong growth. The skeleton allows various motions through different joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder and hinge elbow joints.

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    The human skeleton contains 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. There are five types of bones: long bones like the femur and phalanges; short bones like the carpals in the wrist; flat bones like the skull and scapula; irregular bones like the vertebrae and sacrum; and sesamoid bones like the patella in the knee. Bones form through ossification of cartilage and require calcium for strong growth. The skeleton allows various motions through different joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder and hinge elbow joints.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    70 views10 pages

    The Human Skeleton

    Uploaded by

    anwar safwan
    The human skeleton contains 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. There are five types of bones: long bones like the femur and phalanges; short bones like the carpals in the wrist; flat bones like the skull and scapula; irregular bones like the vertebrae and sacrum; and sesamoid bones like the patella in the knee. Bones form through ossification of cartilage and require calcium for strong growth. The skeleton allows various motions through different joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder and hinge elbow joints.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    The Human Skeleton

    The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. The functions of the skeleton are to provide
    support, give our bodies shape, provide protection to other systems and organs of the body,
    to provide attachments for muscles, to produce movement and to produce red blood cells.
    The main bones of the human skeleton are:

    The Skull - Cranium, Mandible and Maxilla

    Shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula

    Arm - humerus, radius and ulna

    Hand - Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges

    Chest - Sternum and Ribs

    Spine - Cervical area (top 7 vertibrae), Thoracic (next 12), Lumbar (bottom 5
    vertebrae), Sacrum (5 fused or stuck together bones) and Coccyx (the tiny bit at the
    bottom of the spine).

    Pelvic girdle - Ilium, Pubis and Ischium.

    Leg - Femur, Tibia and Fibula

    Ankle - Talus and calcaneus (not shown above)

    Foot - Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges.

    How are bones formed?

    Bones are formed by the ossification of cartilage. What this really means is all bones
    start off as cartilage (normally in the womb) and they gradually turn to hard bone
    (ossification) over a period of years.

    Calcium is needed for strong bone growth.

    Large image of Human Skeleton

    Types of Bones in the Human Body


    There are 5 types of bones in the human body. These are long bones, short bones, flat
    bones, irregular bones and sesmoid bones. Below we outline the different types of bones
    in the human body and explain where they are foound. Test yourself at the bottom of the
    page with our interactive online flash cards.
    Long Bones
    Long bones are some of the longest bones in the body, such as the Femur, Humerus and
    Tibia but are also some of the smallest including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and
    Phalanges. The classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer than it is
    wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, having a hard outer surface of compact
    bone and a spongy inner known an cancellous bone containing bone marrow. Both ends of
    the bone are covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock absorbtion.

    The femur - a long bone

    Short Bones
    Short bones are defined as being approximately as wide as they are long and have a
    primary function of providing support and stability with little movement. Examples of short
    bones are the Carpals and Tarsals - the wrist and foot bones. They consist of only a thin
    layer of compact, hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with relatively large
    amounts of bone marrow.

    The carpals - short bones

    Flat Bones
    Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing
    protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment. The classic
    example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium
    (skull), os coxae (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones. Anterior and
    posterior surfaces are formed of compact bone to provide strength for protection with the
    centre consisiting of cancellous (spongy) bone and varying amounts of bone marrow. In
    adults, the highest number of red blood cells are formed in flat bones.

    The scapula - a flat bone

    Irregular Bones
    These are bones in the body which do not fall into any other category, due to their nonuniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum and Mandible (lower
    jaw). They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

    Vertebrae - irregular bones

    Sesamoid Bones

    Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. The most
    obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps
    tendon. Other sesamoid bones are the Pisiform (smallest of the Carpals) and the two small
    bones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal. Sesamoid bones are usually present in a tendon
    where it passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon.

    The patella - a sesamoid bone

    Types of Joint
    A joint is the point where two or more bones meet. There
    are three main types of
    joints; Fibrous (immoveable), Cartilaginous (partially
    moveable) and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
    Fibrous joints
    Fibrous (synarthrodial): This type of joint is held together
    by only a ligament. Examples are where the teeth are held
    to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and
    tibiofibular joints.
    Cartilaginous
    Cartilaginous (synchondroses and sympheses): These
    joints occur where the connection between the articulating
    bones is made up of cartilage for example between
    vertebrae in the spine.

    A cartilagenous joint between two vertebrae


    Synchondroses are temporary joints which are only
    present in children, up until the end of puberty. For
    example the epiphyseal plates in long bones. Symphesis
    joints are permanant cartilagenous joints, for example the
    pubic symphesis.

    Synovial Joints
    Synovial (diarthrosis): Synovial joints are by far the most common classification of joint within
    the human body. They are highly moveable and all have a synovial capsule (collagenous
    structure) surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule)
    which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage
    which pads the ends of the articulating bones. There are 6 types of synovial joints which are
    classified by the shape of the joint and the movement available.
    Types of Synovial Joint

    Joint Type

    Movement at joint

    Examples

    Structure

    Hinge

    Pivot

    Flexion/Extension

    Elbow/Knee

    Hinge joint

    Top of the neck


    (atlas and axis bones)

    Pivot Joint

    Shoulder/Hip

    Ball and socket joint

    CMC joint of the thumb

    Saddle joint

    Rotation of one bone around


    another

    Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
    Ball and
    Socket

    Abduction/Internal & External


    Rotation

    Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
    Saddle
    Abduction/Circumduction

    Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
    Condyloid
    Abduction/Circumduction

    Wrist/MCP & MTP joints

    Gliding

    Condyloid joint

    Gliding movements

    Intercarpal joints

    PLANES OF MOTION AND TERMS OF MOVEMENT


    There are three planes of motion in which we move. If you think about it, most of our
    movements are not straight up and down, or side to side etc, especially in sports. They tend
    to combine a mixture of movements in different planes.
    The three planes of motion are:

    Sagittal Plane
    The Sagittal plane passes through the body front to back, so dividing it into left and right.
    Movements in this plane are the up and down movements of flexion and extension
    Frontal Plane
    The frontal plane divides the body into front and back. Movements in this plane are sideways
    movements, called abduction and adduction
    Transverse Plane
    This plane divides the body into top and bottom. Movements in this plane are rotational in
    nature, such as internal and external rotation, pronation and supination
    Anatomical Neutral
    This is the starting position for describing any movement. It is important that you know this to
    be able to understand what is meant by certain movement patterns. It is sometimes also
    called the anatomical starting position or fundamental starting position.

    MOVEMENT
    Flexion and Extension
    Flexion is a movement in the sagittal plane, which decreases the angle at the moving joint.
    Extension is the opposite movement, which increases the angle at the joint. Many types of
    synovial joint are capable of flexion and extension (hinge; ball and socket; saddle; condyloid)
    including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip and knee.

    Abduction and Adduction


    These are movements in the frontal plane and involve moving the body part away or towards
    an imaginary centre line. Abduction is taking the body part away from the central line and
    adduction is moving it towards (remember this by thinking adduction adds the body part to
    the centre). Adduction can also be moving the body part across the centre line and to the
    other side of the body. Other abduction and adduction movements include the fingers. If you
    splay your fingers and move them apart, this is abduction as they are moving away from the
    centre position. When you bring the fingers back together, this is adduction, as you are
    adding them back to the centre line.
    Rotation
    Rotation movements are in the transverse plane and include any twisting motion. Joints
    which permit rotation include the shoulder and hip. These are both ball and socket joints. We
    can also rotate our necks and backs due to a series of smaller joints, including the atlantoaxial joint which is a pivot joint in the neck between the first two vertebrae.
    Circumduction
    Circumduction is a combination of all of the movements above. It is possible at ball and
    socket, condyloid and saddle joints such as the shoulder, hip, wrist and ankle. It involves
    moving the entire connecting limb through its full range of motion.
    Pronation, Supination, Inversion and Eversion
    Pronation and supination are specialised movements of the forearm and ankle. In the
    forearm, pronation is the movement of turning the palm over to face downwards (or
    backwards if starting in anatomical neutral). Supination is the opposite movement, of turning
    the palm up or forwards. The movement here comes from the proximal radio-ulnar joint (the
    joint just below the elbow, between the Radius and Ulna bones) which is a pivot joint,
    allowing the Radius to move around the Ulna. At the ankle, supination is the movement of
    turning the sole of the foot inwards. This is sometimes called inversion. Pronation is the
    movement of turning the sole of the foot outwards, sometimes called eversion. You will
    sometimes hear people saying they have over-pronated feet, meaning their sole turns
    outwards slightly more than it should when they walk or run, giving the appearance of a flat
    foot, without an arch.

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