Fundamental Unit of Life Class Ix

THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF
LIFE:CELL
Cells
 Smallest living unit
 Most are microscopic
Discovery of Cells
 Robert Hooke (1665)
 Observed sliver of cork
 Saw “row of empty boxes”
 Coined the term cell
Cell theory
 (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
 (1855) Rudolf Virchow

“Omnis cellula e cellula ” all cells arise from pre-
existing cells
Principles of Cell Theory
 All living things are made of cells
 Smallest living unit of structure and function

of all organisms is the cell
 All cells arise from preexisting cells

(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
Cell Size
Characteristics of All Cells
 A surrounding membrane
 Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
 Organelles – structures for cell function
 Control center with DNA
Cell Types
 Prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
 First cell type on earth
 Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
 No membrane bound nucleus
 Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
 Organelles not bound by membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
 Nucleus bound by membrane
 Include fungi, protists, plant, and
animal cells
 Possess many organelles
Protozoan
THE UNIVERSE INSIDE OUR
CELLS
 Zoom into your own body to see the
different cells that make up your
heart, brain and bones.
 These trillions building block of cells
are communicating with each other

every moment of our lives.
 As the house is made by BRICKS.
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
CELL ORGANELLES
 The cellular components are called the Cell
Organelles.
 These cell organelles are membrane-bound, present
within the cells and are distinct in their structures
and functions.
 They coordinate with their functions efficiently for
the normal functioning of the cell.
 There are various organelles present within the cell
and are classified into three categories based on the
presence or absence of membrane.
TYPES OF CELL
ORGANELLES
 Organelles without membrane: The Cell wall,
Ribosomes, Centrosome and Cytoskeleton are without
membrane-bound cell organelles.
 Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole,
Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
are single membrane-bound organelles present only in
a eukaryotic cell.
 Double membrane-bound organelles: Mitochondria
and chloroplast are double membrane-bound
organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell.
CELL ORGANELLES
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
 A few molecules move freely

 Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
 Carrier proteins transport some molecules

 Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
 Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid
bilayer with proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
 Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
 Recognize certain chemicals
Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
 Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
 Catalyze production of substances
CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
 Passive Transport
 Active Transport
 Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
 Exocytosis
Passive Transport
 No energy required
 Move due to gradient

 differences in concentration, pressure, charge
 Move to equalize gradient

 High moves toward low
Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
 Molecules move to equalize concentration
Osmosis
 Special form of diffusion
 Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
 Often involves movement of water

 Into cell
 Out of cell
Solution Differences & Cells
 solvent + solute = solution
 Hypotonic
 Solutes in cell more than outside
 Outside solvent will flow into cell And
cell will swell
 Isotonic
 Solutes equal inside & out of cell no
transport
 Hypertonic
 Solutes greater outside cell
 Fluid will flow out and shrink
Facilitated Diffusion
 Differentially permeable membrane
 Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions

enter or leave the cell
 Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)

 No energy is used
Process of Facilitated Transport
 Protein binds with molecule
 Shape of protein changes
 Molecule moves across membrane
Active Transport
 Molecular movement
 Requires energy (against gradient)
 Example is sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis
 Movement of large material

 Particles
 Organisms
 Large molecules
 Movement is into cells
 Types of endocytosis
 bulk-phase (nonspecific)
 receptor-mediated (specific)
Process of Endocytosis
 Plasma membrane surrounds material
 Edges of membrane meet
 Membranes fuse to form vesicle
Forms of Endocytosis
 Phagocytosis – cell eating
 Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Exocytosis
 Reverse of endocytosis
 Cell discharges material
Exocytosis
 Vesicle moves to cell surface
 Membrane of vesicle fuses
 Materials expelled
Cell Walls
 Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
 Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall Differences
 Plants – mostly cellulose
 Fungi – contain chitin
 Bactria- Peptidoglycon or Murin
Cytoplasm
 Viscous fluid containing organelles
 components of cytoplasm
 Interconnected filaments & fibers
 Fluid = cytosol
 Organelles (not nucleus)
 storage substances
Centrioles
 Pairs of microtubular structures
 Play a role in cell division
DNA
 Hereditary material
 Chromosomes
 DNA
 Protiens
 Form for cell division
 Chromatin
Nucleolus
 Most cells have 2 or more
 Directs synthesis of RNA
 Forms ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Helps move substances within cells
 Network of interconnected membranes
 Two types
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Ribosomes attached to surface
 Manufacture protiens
 Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
 May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 No attached ribosome
 Has enzymes that help build molecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
Golgi Apparatus
 Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
 Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to

secrete contents
Lysosomes
 Contain digestive enzymes
 Functions
 Aid in cell renewal
 Break down old cell parts
 Digests invaders
CELL ORGANELLES DISCOVERY
1 NUCLEUS 1 ROBERT BROWN(1831)
2 GOLGI BODY 2 CAMEILLIO GOLGI
3 PLASMA MEMBRANE 3 SCHWANN(1838)
4 CYTOPLASM 4 STRASBURGER(1882)
5 ENDOPLASMIC 5 PORTER(1943)AND NAMED
RETICULUM IN(1953)
6 ALTAMAN(1894)AND
6 MITOCHONDRIA NAMED BY BENDA(1897)
7 de DUVE(1955)
7 LYSOSOME 8 SPALLANZONI
8 VACUOLES 9 ROBINSON AND BROWN
9 RIBOSOMES (1953) IN PLANT CELL AND
PALADE(1955) IN ANIMAL
CELL
10 RHODIN(1954)
10 MICROBODIES (a)de DUVE(1965)
(a)PEROXIXOMES (b)BRIEDENBACH(1967)
(b)GLYOXYSOME
End Chapter

Fundamental Unit of Life Class Ix

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Fundamental Unit of Life Class Ix

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THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF

 (1855) Rudolf Virchow

 All living things are made of cells

 Smallest living unit of structure and function

 All cells arise from preexisting cells

are communicating with each other

 A few molecules move freely

 Carrier proteins transport some molecules

 Move due to gradient

 Move to equalize gradient

 Fluid flows from lower solute concentration

 Often involves movement of water

 Differentially permeable membrane

 Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions

(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)

 Movement of large material

 Network of interconnected membranes

1. Molecules come in vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane

3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle

5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to

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