SESSION 2

11-05-2023
Vectors and Equilibrium
MCQ: Number of angles used to represent the
direction of a vector in 3D Cartesian space is:

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

Three angles are necessary to represent the vector in

3D Cartesian space.
 Introduction to Vectors

1. Vectors:
• “Quantities which have magnitude and direction”.
• However, some quantities having fixed direction or immaterial
direction are treated as scalars.

2. Representation of Vectors:
i. Symbolic representation of Vector:
• Bold letters = V, A, F etc.
 ii. Graphical representation of Vector:
• Length of line = Magnitude
• Arrow head = Direction of vector.
3. Differentiate between Vector and Scalar:
Features Scalars Vectors
Require magnitude only.
Some quantities may have direction Require magnitude as well
1. Definition but don’t obey vector calculus are as direction.
also treated scalars.

Addition, subtraction, Addition, subtraction,

2. Operation rule multiplication by simple multiplication by graphical
arithmetic methods methods or mathematically

Two vectors can not be

3. Division Two scalars can be divided.
divided.
• Bold letters.
4. Direction of Vector:
i. In 2D Cartesian Plane:
• Direction can be represented by single angle from +ive x-axis in
anti-clockwise direction.

ii. In Cartesian Space:

• Represented by three angles .
MCQ: The resultant of 8 N and 10 N can never be:

A. 20 N
B. 12 N
C. 15 N
D. 6 N

The maximum of two vectors can be their sum when

they are parallel.
The minimum of two vectors can be their difference
when they are anti-parallel.
A-B≤R≤A+B
MCQ: If = then angle b/w and :

A. 45o
B. 90o
C. 60o
D. 120o
MCQ: If == then the angle between A is:

A. 0o
B. 60o
C. 120o
D. 90o
 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

1. Addition of Vectors:
• = =

• Parallelogram law of addition:

+ = +
• Vector addition is commutative.
2. Subtraction of Vectors:
• Subtraction of vector is equal to negative of second vector
and add to first vector.
- = + (-)

= -
 Multiplication of Vectors

1. Multiplication with positive number:

• Magnitude = Increase by number times.
• Direction = Remain same.
2. Multiplication with negative number:
• Magnitude = Increase by number times.
• Direction = Opposite.
3. Multiplication with scalar quantity:
• =m
MCQ: If + 4 and 4 then and are:

A. Parallel
B. Perpendicular
C. Anti-parallel
D. Equal

Two vector are anti-parallel when:-

A = (negative number) B
Two vector are parallel when:-
A = (positive number) B
MCQ: Part of a vector 6 in yz-plane:

A. 6
B. 9
C. 6
D. 6
MCQ: = + then = ?

A.
B.
C.
D.
MCQ: Angle b/w and :

A. 45o
B. 60o
C. 90o
D. 180o
 Some important Vectors

1. Unit Vector:
• Magnitude =1
• Direction = Along the given vector.
i. Formula:
• =
ii. Some important unit vectors:
2. Null Vector:
• Magnitude = 0.
• Direction = Arbitrary
i. Formula:
• + (-) =
• We can not add zero in null vector.
3. Equal Vectors:
• Magnitude = Same.
• Direction = Same.
• Parallel vectors of same magnitude are equal.
4. Negative Vector:
• Magnitude = Same.
• Direction = Opposite.
5. Resultant Vector:
• Resultant vector has same effect as combined effect of all
vectors to be added.
i. Formula:
• = +
ii. Magnitude of Resultant Vector:
• R = || =
iii. Special Cases:
• If = 0o Then R=A+B
• If = 180o Then R=A-B
• If = 90o Then R=
• If = 60o Then R=
6. Position Vector:
• Determines the location of a point w.r.t origin.
i. Position vector is plane:
• =j
• Magnitude = r =

ii. Position vector is space:

• =j+k
• Magnitude = r =
MCQ: A man Walks from A to B, B to C, C to D. The
magnitude of Displacement is 10 m. The total
distance travelled by the man is:

A. 10m
B. 12m
C. 2m
D. 7m
MCQ: If = then = ?

A. +
B.
C.
D.
MCQ: The vector which is perpendicular to (9 -) is:

A. +
B. 6
C.
D.
MCQ: Maximum number of rectangular components
of a vector in any physical vector space are:

A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Infinite
MCQ: Maximum number of components of a vector
can be:

A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Infinite
MCQ: The resultant of two forces of equal
magnitude is also equal to magnitude of
forces. The angle b/w forces is:
A. 30o
B. 60o
C. 90o
D. 120o
 Rectangular components of Vector

1. Resolution of Vector:
• “Splitting of vector into its rectangular components”.

2. Components of Vectors:
• “Effective values of vector in a given direction”.
3. Rectangular components:
• “The components of a vector which are perpendicular to each
other”.

4. Mathematical Equations:
• If x = A cos and y = A sin are
Then;
=
5. Key points:
• Reverse of ‘addition of vector’ is ‘resolution of vector’.
• Minimum possible components are ‘two’.
• Maximum possible components are ‘infinite’.
• Minimum possible rectangular components are ‘two’.
• Maximum possible rectangular components are ‘three’.
MCQ: F1 = 2 N and F2 = 5 N where the resultant
force is F = 3 N. The angle b/w F1 and F2 is:

A. 180o
B. 90o
C. 60o
D. 0o
MCQ: If Fx = 20 N and 0 with horizontal then
F=?

A. 7 N
B. 14 N
C. 17 N
D. 40 N

Fx = F cos θ
MCQ: Component of a vector 7 along z-axis:

A. 7
B. 3
C. 5
D. Zero
MCQ: Y - component of a vector is times of its x -
components angle which vector makes with
x - axis is:
A. 45o
B. 30o
C. 60o
D. 75o

F sin θ = (F cos θ)
tan θ =
Θ = 60o
 Vector addition by Rectangular Components

1. Steps of vector addition by rectangular components:

• Find x and y components of all given vectors.
• Find x-component of resultant vector.
• Find y-component of resultant vector.
• Find magnitude of resultant vector R
R=
• Find the direction of resultant vector R
-1
3. Angle and Rectangular component in quadrants:
i. In 1st Quadrant:
• Rx = + ive
• Ry = + ive
• =
ii. In 2nd Quadrant:
• Rx = - ive
• Ry = + ive
• = 180o –
iii. In 3rd Quadrant:
• Rx = - ive
• Ry = - ive
• = 180o +
iv. In 4th Quadrant:
• Rx = + ive
• Ry = - ive
• = 360o –
v. Summary:
MCQ: A force of 10 N making angle 300 with y - axis
then its x - components is:

A. 5N
B. 7N
C. 10N
D. 8N

Fx = F cos θ = (10) (cos 60o)

MCQ: Which vector can be called a unit vector?

A. + +
B. +
C. + +
D. All of these
MCQ: If Rx is – ve and Ry is + ve then

A. 180 +
B. 180 -
C.
D. 360 -
MCQ: The magnitudes of dot and cross product are
equal. Then angle b/w vectors:

A. 30o
B. 45o
C. 90o
D. 120o
 Product of Two Vectors

1. Scalar or Dot Product:

• Product of two vectors results in scalar.
i. Mathematical Form:
• = AB cos
ii. Examples:
• W =
• P =
• =
iii. Characteristic of Dot Product:
• Obeys commutative law.
• =
• If and are perpendicular.
• = AB cos 90o
• = 0.
• = =. =0
• If and are parallel.
• = AB cos 0o
• = AB
• . = . = . =1
• If and are anti - parallel.
• = AB cos 180o
• = - AB
• . = -1
• Self dot product:
• = AA cos 0 = A2
• Dot product between rectangular components of two vectors:
• = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
• AB cos= AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
• = cos-1
2. Vector or Cross Product:
• Product of two vectors results in vector quantity.
i. Mathematical Form:
• = AB sin
• has a direction between .
ii. Example:
• =
• = q ()
iii. Characteristic of Cross Product:
• (Cross product is not commutative).
• If and are parallel or anti parallel.
• =
• = = =
•
• If and are perpendicular vector.
• = AB
• = , =, =
• =, =,
• =
=–+
• Magnitude of = = Area of parallelogram
MCQ: 3 2 + and 2 + 6+ are orthogonal if:

A. m = -6
B. m = 6
C. m = 1
D. m = 10

(3)(2)+(-2)(6)+(1)(m)=0
m=6
MCQ: Two forces of magnitudes 4N and 3N are
acting on a body. Their resultant of
magnitude 7 N. The angle b/w two forces is:
A. 0o
B. 90o
C. 180o
D. 270o
MCQ:

A. 1
B. Zero
C.
D.
MCQ: The angle b/w 2 is:

A. 0o
B. 60o
C. 90o
D. 180o

(2)(1)+(-3)(1)+(1)(1)=0
MCQ: The magnitudes of vector product is times
their scalar product, the angle b/w them is:

A.
B.
C.
D.

AB sin θ = AB cos θ
MCQ: If + and

A.
B.
C.
D.

θ = cos-1 ()
MCQ: Scalar product of two forces of 2 N and 4 N is
4. Angle b/w forces is:

A. 00
B.
C.
D.

(4)(2) cos θ = 4
MCQ: The resultant of two equal forces is double
than the either of forces. Angle b/w them:

A. 0O
B. 60O
C. 90O
D. 120O

F+F=2F
MCQ: Torque has maximum value if angle between
r and F is:

A. 30o
B. 90o
C. 45o
D. 60o
MCQ: Torque of the body depend upon:

A. Force
B. Position vector

C. All of these
MCQ: If a body is rotating with uniform angular
velocity then torque acting on the body is:

A. Maximum
B. Minimum
C. Zero
D. Negative
 Torque (Moment of Force)

1. Definition:
• Product of force and moment arm.

• Turning effect of force.

• Direction of is perpendicular to plane of rotation.
• Rotational analogue of force.
= 0 then = 0.
2. Unit:
• N m or kg m2 s-2.
• Dimension of = [ML2T-2]
3. Dependence of Moment of Force:
• Magnitude of ‘F’.
• Angle ‘’ between ‘r’ and ‘F’.
• Magnitude of moment arm ‘r’.
• “Perpendicular distance between line of action of
force and axis of rotation”.
4. Positive and Negative Torque:
• +ve = Anti-clockwise.
• - ve = Clockwise.
5. Special Cases:
i. If F and r are in same direction:
• = 0o.
• = 0.
ii. If F and r are in opposite direction:
• = 180o.
• = 0.
iii. If F and r are in perpendicular:
• = 90o.
• = Max.
iv. If F is applied at the pivot and moment arm is zero:
• = 0.
• = 0.
v. Torque produce by weight about centre of gravity is zero:
• = 0.
• = 0.
6. Couple:
• “Two equal opposite and non-collinear forces acting on a
body constitute couple of forces.
i. Mathematical Form:
• Torque due to couple =
7. Angular Torque:
• = mr2
• =I

8. Key points:
• If the direction of either and is reverse then is reversed.
• If both and are reversed then direction of remain same.
9. Comparison of Force and Torque:
Features Force Torque
Force produce turning effect
1. Definition in a body.
Turning effect of force.

Force produce linear Torque produce angular

2. Acceleration acceleration. acceleration.

3. Quantity Vector quantity. Vector quantity.

4. Change in
F= =
Momentum
5. Power P=Fv P=

6. Impulse I=Ft Angular Impulse = t

7. Work W=Fd W=
MCQ: If an object is rotating with constant angular
velocity, then torque will be:

A. Maximum
B. Minimum
C. Zero
D. None of these
MCQ: Torque acting on a body determines:

A. Linear acceleration
B. Angular acceleration
C. Linear velocity
D. Angular velocity
MCQ: A body will be in complete equilibrium when
it satisfies:

A. 1st condition of equilibrium

B. 2nd condition of equilibrium
C. Both 1st and 2nd conditions.
D. Impossible.
MCQ: Which object is most stable?

A.

B.

C.

D. None of these
MCQ: Centre of gravity of triangle is:

A. Point of intersection of diagonals.

B. Centre of circle.
C. Point of interaction of medians of the angles.
D. None of these
 Equilibrium

1. Definition:
• “When number of forces act on a body and it will remain at
rest or moving with uniform velocity then it is equilibrium”.
• (Body at rest or moving /rotating with uniform
linear/angularvelocity)
2. Types of Equilibrium:
Equilibrium

Translational Rotational
Equilibrium Equilibrium
() ()

Static Equilibrium Static Equilibrium

(At rest v = 0 , a = 0) (At rest = 0, = 0)

Dynamic Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium

(Moving with uniform (Moving with uniform
velocity angular velocity
a = 0) = 0)
3. States of Equilibrium:
i. Stable Equilibrium:
• Body returns to its original position when displaced.
• Centre of gravity low.
ii. Unstable Equilibrium:
• Body does not returns to its original position when displaced.
• Centre of gravity high.
iii. Neutral Equilibrium:
• Centre of gravity does not change.
• Dependence of stability:
• Height of center of gravity.
• Width of base area.
4. Centre of Gravity:
• “A point where whole weight of the body is concentrated”.
• For non - uniform shaped body, center of gravity lies at the
heavier side of the body.

5. Centre of Mass:
• “A point at which all masses of the body assume to be
concentrated”.
i. Formula:
• xcm =
• Centre of mass need not to lie inside the body.
• Force applied at the center of mass does not act as torque.
ii. Centre of mass of some regular shape bodies:
a. Uniform Rod:
• Centre of rod.

b. Circle Ring:
• Centre of ring.

c. Cubical Box:
• Point of intersection of diagonals.

d. Square Box:
• Centre of box.
e. Circle:
• Centre of circle.

f. Triangular Plane:
• Point of interaction of medians of the angles.

g. Circular Sphere:
• Centre of sphere.

h. Rectangle:
• Point of intersection of diagonals.
iii. Key points:
• Internal forces do not change the centre of mass.
• The sum of moment of mass about the centre of mass is always
zero.
• In uniform gravitational field centre of mass coincides the centre
of gravity.
• The center of gravity and center of mass of a mountain may not
be the same.
• The terms "center of mass" and "center of gravity" are used to
represent the unique point in an object or system which
describe the system's response to external forces and torques.
MCQ: Which one is the example of equilibrium:

A. Paratrooper moves downward

B. Car accelerating on a road
C. Electron around nucleus
D. Both (A) and (C)
MCQ: A force of 9 N act perpendicular to force of
16 N resultant will be?

A. 33
B. 14
C. 18
D. 25