Vektor dan Tensor

Intan Supraba, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D.

The Outline (based on JMFT):

• Penggunaan integral
• Vektor dan dot products
• Bidang dan proyeksinya
• Cross products dan determinan
• Matriks dan persamaan linier
• Penggunaan vektor dalam bidang teknik sipil
Panjang Busur
 Panjang potongan garis kecil dari titik (x1,y1) ke titik (x2, y2) dapat dihitung dengan

Panjang garis lengkung dari (x0,y0) ke (xn,yn) adalah jumlah potongan garis pendek
sehingga

dan jika ~ 0 maka

(Radianta, 2016)
 Panjang Busur

Berapa panjang kabel dari puncak tower 1 ke puncak tower 2

(Radianta, 2016)
https://yos3prens.wordpress.com/2013/09/11/aplikasi-integral-menentukan-panjang-busur/
Panjang Busur
 

Ingat bahwa

(Radianta, 2016)
 Panjang Busur
 
Dalam hal ini,

Atau 

= 215,4 m
100

-100

(Radianta, 2016)
 Panjang Busur
 Hitung panjang busur dari X = -5 ke X = 5 untuk fungsi

Assumed that , hence

If x = 5 then arcsinh(10) , x = -5 then

(Radianta, 2016)
 30

25
Panjang Busur
20
• 
Since
15 Blue line
50,99
And  10
or Red line
5 53,248

0
-10 -5 0 5 10

(Radianta, 2016)
 Panjang Busur
•Hitunglah
  panjang busur yang dibentuk oleh dari x = 1 sampai dengan x = 10
 

Misal  
Saat x = 1  , saat x =10  3

= = 9,4176

0,09983

0,88137 (Radianta, 2016)

 Vector Definition
• A quantity that has both
• Size
• Direction Terminal
• Examples point

• Wind
• Boat or aircraft travel
• Forces in physics
• Geometrically Initial point
• A directed line segment
 Image Credit: NASA

http://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/module-3/why-does-temperature-vary/ocean-currents.php
 Vector Notation
• Given by
• Angle brackets <a, b> a vector with
• Initial point at (0,0)
• Terminal point at (a, b)
• Ordered pair (a, b)
• As above, initial point at origin, terminal point at the specified
ordered pair
(a, b)

(0, 0)
 Vector Notation

• An arrow over a letter V V
• or a letter in
bold face V
A
• An arrow over two letters
• 
Theinitial and terminal points B
• AB or both letters in bold face AB
• The magnitude (length) of a vector is notated with
double vertical lines
 
V AB
 Equivalent Vectors
• Have both same direction
and same magnitude (a, b)


• Given points Pt xt , yt  Pi  xi , yi 
• The components of a vector
Ordered pair of terminal point with initial point at (0,0)
xt  xi , yt  yi
 Fundamental Vector Operations
Given vectors V = <a, b>, W = <c, d>

• Magnitude  V  a 2  b2

• Addition  V + W = <a + c, b + d>

• Scalar multiplication –> changes the magnitude, not the direction :

3V = <3a, 3b>
 Vector Addition
• Sum of two vectors is the single equivalent vector which has same
effect as application of the two vectors

Note
Notethat
thatthe
thesum
sumof of
B two
twovectors
vectorsisisthe
the
+
A

A diagonal
diagonalof ofthe
the
B
resulting
resulting
parallelogram
parallelogram
 Vector Subtraction
• The difference of two vectors is the result of adding a negative vector
• A – B = A + (-B)

A
B

A-B

-B
 Vector Addition / Subtraction
• Add vectors by adding respective components
• <3, 4> + <6, -5> = ?
• <2.4, - 7> - <2, 6.8> = ?
• Try these visually, A
draw the results C

• A+C
• B–A B
• C + 2B
 Unit Vectors
• Definition:
• A vector whose magnitude is 1
• Typically we use the horizontal and vertical unit vectors i and j
• i = <1, 0> j = <0, 1>
• Then use the vector components to express the vector as a sum
• V = <3,5> = 3i + 5j
 Unit Vectors
• Use unit vectors to add vectors
• <4, -2> + <6, 9>
4i – 2j + 6i + 9j = 10i + 7j
• Use to find magnitude
• || -3i + 4j || = ((-3)2 + 42)1/2 = 5
 Finding the Components
• Given direction θ and magnitude ||V||
V 6 
b

6
a

• V = <a, b>
a  V  cos 
b  V  sin 
 Dot Product
Given vectors V = <a, b>, W = <c, d>
• Dot product defined as

V  W  ac  bd
• Note that the result is a scalar
• Also known as
• Inner product or
• Scalar product
 Find the Dot (product)
• Given A = 3i + 7j, B = -2i + 4j, and
C = 6i - 5j
• Find the following:
• A•B=?
• B•C=?
• The dot product can also be found with the following formula

V  W || V ||  || W || cos 
 Dot Product Formula
• Formula on previous slide may be more useful for finding the angle 

V  W || V ||  || W || cos 
V W
cos  
|| V ||  || W ||
 Dot Product Properties
• Commutative
• Distributive over addition
• Scalar multiplication same over dot product before or after dot product
multiplication
• Dot product of vector with itself
• Multiplicative property of zero
• Dot products of
• i • i =1
• j•j=1
• i•j=0
 Scalar Projection
• Given two vectors v and w

v

w
projwv
The projection of v on w

• Projwv =
v  cos 
25
 Scalar Projection
• The other possible configuration for the projection

w projwv
v  cos  The projection of v on w

• Formula used is the same but result will be negative

because  > 90°
 Parallel and Perpendicular Vectors
• Recall formula V W
cos  
V W
• What would it mean if this resulted in a value of 0??
• What angle has a cosine of 0?

V W
0    90
V W
 Example

• The horse pulls for 1000ft with a force of 250 lbs at an angle of 37°
with the ground. The amount of work done is force times
displacement. This can be given with the dot product

W  F s
 F  s  cos 
37°
 THE CROSS PRODUCT

• The cross product a x b of two

vectors a and b, unlike the dot product,
is a vector.

• For this reason, it is also called the vector product.

• Note that a x b is defined only when a and b

are three-dimensional (3-D) vectors.
 THE CROSS PRODUCT

• If a = ‹a1, a2, a3› and b = ‹b1, b2, b3›, then

the cross product of a and b is the vector

• a x b = ‹a2b3 - a3b2, a3b1 - a1b3, a1b2 - a2b1›

 DETERMINANT OF ORDER 2

• A determinant of order 2 is defined by:

a b
 ad  bc
c d
• For example,
2 1
 2(4)  1(6)  14
6 4
 DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3

• A determinant of order 3 can be defined

in terms of second-order determinants as follows:

a1 a2 a3
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
b1 b2 b3  a1  a2  a3
c2 c3 c1 c3 c1 c2
c1 c2 c3
 Example

1 2 1
0 1 3 1 3 0
3 0 1 1 2  (1)
4 2 5 2 5 4
5 4 2
 1(0  4)  2(6  5)  (1)(12  0)
 38
 CROSS PRODUCT
• Now, let’s rewrite Cross Product Rule using
second-order determinants and the standard
basis vectors i, j, and k.
• We see that the cross product of the vectors
a = a1i +a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k
is:
a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2
ab  i j k
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
 CROSS PRODUCT
• For simplifying the method, we often write:

i j k
a  b  a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
 CROSS PRODUCT
• If a = <1, 3, 4> and b = <2, 7, –5>, then
i j k
ab  1 3 4
2 7 5
3 4 1 4 1 3
 i j k
7 5 2 5 2 7
 (15  28)i  (5  8) j  (7  6)k
 43i  13 j  k
 Practice Problem

• Show that a x a = 0 for any vector a in V3

• Show that (a x b) · a = 0 for any vector a
and b in V3
 The Answer

• Show that a x a = 0 for any vector a in V3.

• If a = <a1, a2, a3>, i j k

then
a  a  a1 a2 a3
a1 a2 a3
 (a2 a3  a3a2 ) i  (a1a3  a3a1 ) j
 (a1a2  a2 a1 ) k
 0i  0 j 0k  0
 The Answer
(a  b)  a
a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2
 a1  a2  a3
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
 a1 (a2b3  a3b2 )  a2 (a1b3  a3b1 )  a3 (a1b2  a2b1 )
 a1a2b3  a1b2 a3  a1a2b3  b1a2 a3  a1b2 a3  b1a2 a3
0
 CROSS PRODUCT
• Let a and b be represented by directed
line segments with the same initial point,
as shown.
• The vector a x b is orthogonal
to both a and b.
• Then, the cross product
theorem states that a x b
points in a direction
perpendicular to the plane
through a and b.
 CROSS PRODUCT
• It turns out that the direction of a x b is
given by the right-hand rule, as follows:
• If the fingers of your right hand curl in the direction of a
rotation (through an angle less than 180°) from a to b,
then your thumb points in the direction of a x b.
 CROSS PRODUCT

• We know the direction of the vector a x b.

• The remaining thing we need to complete its geometric
description is its length |a x b|.
• This is given by the following theorem.
• If θ is the angle between a and b (so 0 ≤ θ ≤ π), then:

|a x b| = |a||b| sin θ
 CROSS PRODUCT

From the definitions of the cross product and length of a

vector, we have:
|a x b|2

= (a2b3 – a3b2)2 + (a3b1 – a1b3)2 + (a1b2 – a2b1)2

= a22b32 – 2a2a3b2b3 + a32b22

+ a32b12 – 2a1a3b1b3 + a12b32
+ a12b22 – 2a1a2b1b2 + a22b12
 CROSS PRODUCT

= (a12 + a22 + a32)(b12 + b22 + b32) – (a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3)2

= |a|2|b|2 – (a . b)2
= |a|2|b|2 – |a|2|b|2 cos2 θ
= |a|2|b|2 (1 – cos2 θ)
= |a|2|b|2 sin2 θ

So : |a x b| = |a||b| sin θ
 CROSS PRODUCT
• A vector is completely determined by its magnitude and
direction.
• Thus, we can now say that a x b is the vector that is
perpendicular to both a and b, whose:

• Orientation is determined by the right-hand rule

• Length is |a||b| sin θ

 CROSS PRODUCT
• In fact, that is exactly how physicists define a x b.
• Two nonzero vectors a and b are parallel if and
only if :
axb=0
• Two nonzero vectors a and b are parallel
if and only if θ = 0 or π.

• In either case, sin θ = 0.

• So, |a x b| = 0 and, therefore, a x b = 0.

 CROSS PRODUCT
• The geometric interpretation of the Vector Cross
product can be seen from this figure:
• If a and b are represented by directed line segments
with the same initial point, then they determine a
parallelogram with base |a|, altitude |b| sin θ, and
area:
A = |a|(|b| sin θ)
= |a x b|
 CROSS PRODUCT

• Thus, we have the following way of

interpreting the magnitude of a cross
product.
• The length of the cross product a x b
is equal to the area of the parallelogram
determined by a and b.
 Example

• Find a vector perpendicular to the plane that

passes through the points:

P(1, 4, 6), Q(-2, 5, -1), R(1, -1, 1)

 The Answer
 
• The  PQ  PR
 vector is perpendicular to both
PQ andPR .
Therefore, it is perpendicular to the plane through P, Q, and R.

PQ  (2  1) i  (5  4) j  (1  6) k
 3i  j  7k


PR  (1  1) i  (1  4) j  (1  6) k
 5 j  5k
 The Answer
• We compute the cross product of these vectors:
i j k
 
PQ  PR  3 1 7
0 5 5
 (5  35) i  (15  0) j  (15  0) k
 40i  15 j  15k

• Therefore, the vector ‹-40, -15, 15› is

perpendicular to the given plane.
• Any nonzero scalar multiple of this vector, such as ‹-8, -3,
3›, is also perpendicular to the plane.
 Practice Problem

• Find the area of the triangle with vertices

P(1, 4, 6), Q(-2, 5, -1), R(1, -1, 1)

 The Answer
• In Example later, we computed that:
 
PQ  PR  40, 15,15

• The area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides PQ and

PR is the length of this cross product:
 
PQ  PR  (40) 2  (15) 2  152  5 82
 The Answer

• The area A of the triangle PQR is half the

area of this parallelogram, that is:

5
2 82
 CROSS PRODUCT PROPERTIES
If a, b, and c are vectors and c is a scalar, then:
1. a x b = –b x a

2. (ca) x b = c(a x b) = a x (cb)

3. a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c

4. (a + b) x c = a x c + b x c
Could you prove them???
5. a · (b x c) = (a x b) · c
 The Answer on Properties Numb 5

Let:

a = <a1, a2, a3> ; b = <b1, b2, b3> ; c = <c1, c2, c3>

Then:

a · (b x c) = a1(b2c3 – b3c2) + a2(b3c1 – b1c3) + a3(b1c2 – b2c1)

= a1b2c3 – a1b3c2 + a2b3c1 – a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 – a3b2c1
= (a2b3 – a3b2)c1 + (a3b1 – a1b3)c2 + (a1b2 – a2b1)c3
=(a x b) · c
 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
• The product a . (b x c) that occurs in Property
5 is called the scalar triple product of the
vectors a, b, and c.
• Notice that we can write the scalar triple
product as a determinant:
a1 a2 a3
a  (b  c)  b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
• The geometric significance of the scalar
triple product can be seen by considering
the parallelepiped determined by the vectors
a, b, and c.
 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

• The area of the base parallelogram

is: A = |b x c|
 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCTS
• If θ is the angle between a and b x c, then the height h
of the parallelepiped is:
h = |a||cos θ |

• We must use
|cos θ | instead
of cos θ in case
θ > π/2.
 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCTS

• Hence, the volume of the parallelepiped is:

V = Ah
= |b x c||a||cos θ |
= |a · (b x c)|

• Thus, we have proved the following formula.

 COPLANAR VECTORS
• The volume of the parallelepiped determined by the
vectors a, b, and c is the magnitude of their scalar triple
product:

• V = |a ·(b x c)|

• If we use that formula and discover that the volume of

the parallelepiped determined by a, b, and c is 0, then
the vectors must lie in the same plane.

• That is, they are : coplanar.

 Example

• Use the scalar triple product to show that the vectors:

a = <1, 4, -7>, b = <2, -1, 4>, c = <0, -9, 18>

are coplanar.
 The Answer

1 4 7
a  (b  c)  2 1 4
0 9 18
1 4 2 4 2 1
1 4 7
9 18 0 18 0 9
 1(18)  4(36)  7(18)  0
 VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT
The product a x (b x c) that occurs in Property 6 is
called the vector triple product of a, b, and c.

a x (b x c) = (a · c)b – (a · b)c
 CROSS PRODUCT IN PHYSICS

• For instance, if we tighten a bolt by applying a

force to a wrench, we produce a turning
effect.
 TORQUE
• The torque τ (relative to the origin) is defined to be the
cross product of the position and force vectors
τ=rxF

• It measures the
tendency of the body
to rotate about the
origin.

• The direction of the

torque vector indicates
the axis of rotation.
 TORQUE

• According to the Cross Product Theorem, the magnitude

of the torque vector is:

|τ | = |r x F| = |r||F| sin θ

• where θ is the angle between the position

and force vectors.
 TORQUE
• Observe that the only component of F
that can cause a rotation is the one
perpendicular to r—that is, |F| sin θ .

• The magnitude of the torque is equal to the area

of the parallelogram determined by r and F.
 Practice Problem
• A bolt is tightened by applying a 40-N force to
a 0.25-m wrench, as shown.

• Find the magnitude

of the torque about
the center of the bolt.
 Practice Problem
• The magnitude of the torque vector is:

|τ| = |r x F|
= |r||F| sin 75°
= (0.25)(40) sin75°
= 10 sin75°
≈ 9.66 N·m

• If the bolt is right-threaded, then the torque vector itself

is: τ = |τ| n ≈ 9.66 n

• where n is a unit vector directed down into the slide.

Referensi
• Kalkulus dan Geometri Analitis Jilid 1 edisi kelima, Edwin J. Purcell.
Dale Varberg, 1987.