Chap 23

8
THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS

宏观经济数据
Measuring a Nation’s
Income
一国收入的衡量
Chapter 23
Microeconomics
微观经济学
Microeconomics is the study of how
individual households and firms make
decisions and how they interact with
one another in markets.
微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决
策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Macroeconomics
宏观经济学
 Macroeconomics is the study of the
economy as a whole.
宏观经济学研究整体经济。
 Its goal is to explain the economic changes
that affect many households, firms, and
markets at once.
宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多
家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。
Macroeconomics
 Macroeconomics answers questions

like the following:
 Why is average income high in some
countries and low in others?
 Why do prices rise rapidly in some time
periods while they are more stable in others?
 Why do production and employment expand
in some years and contract in others?
宏观经济学
 宏观经济学回答以下问题：
 为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国
家平均收入低 ?
 为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些
时期物价较为稳定 ?
 为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一
些年份收缩？
The Economy’s Income and Expenditure
经济的收入与支出
When judging whether the economy is

doing well or poorly, it is natural to look
at the total income that everyone in the
economy is earning.
当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济
中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。
The Economy’s Income and Expenditure
经济的收入与支出
 For an economy as a whole, income must
equal expenditure because:
对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出
，因为：
 Every transaction has a buyer and a seller.
每一次交易都有买者和卖者。
 Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a
dollar of income for some seller.
某个买者的 1 美元支出就是某个卖者的 1 美元收
入
The Measurement of Gross
Domestic Product
 Gross domestic product (GDP) is a
measure of the income and
expenditures of an economy.
 It is the total market value of all
final goods and services produced
within a country in a given period
of time.
国内生产总值的衡量
 国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量一个经

济体的收入和支出。
 国内生产总值 (GDP) 是在某一既
定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终
商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市
场价值。
The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product
The equality of income and

expenditure can be illustrated with
the circular-flow diagram.
收入等于支出可以由经济循环图来
说明。
Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
MARKETS
Revenue FOR Spending
GOODS AND SERVICES
•Firms sell
Goods Goods and
•Households buy
and services services
sold bought
FIRMS HOUSEHOLDS
•Produce and sell •Buy and consume
goods and services goods and services
•Hire and use factors •Own and sell factors
of production of production
Factors of MARKETS Labor, land,

production FOR and capital
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
Wages, rent, •Households sell Income
and profit •Firms buy
= Flow of inputs
and outputs
= Flow of dollars
图 1. 经济循环图
收入 =(GDP) 支出 (=GDP)
商品和服务
销售商品市场购买商品
和服务
和服务
企业
家庭
生产投入劳动、土地
资本、企业家才能
生产要素
市场
工资、租金、利息 + 利收入 (=GDP)
润
The Measurement of GDP
GDP 的衡量
GDP is the market value of all final

goods and services produced within a
country in a given period of time.
GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内
生产的所有最终物品与劳务的
市场价值。
Domestic Product
 “GDP is the Market Value . . .”
 Output is valued at market prices.
 “. . . Of All Final . . .”
 It records only the value of final goods, not
intermediate goods (the value is counted only
once).
 “. . . Goods and Services . . . “
 It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing,
cars) and intangible services (haircuts,
housecleaning, doctor visits).
GDP 的衡量
 “GDP 是市场价值 . . .”
 产出按市场价格来评价。
 “. . . 所有的 . . .”
 GDP 只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间
品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。
 “. . . 物品与劳务 . . . “
 它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车）
，也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医
生出诊）。
Domestic Product
 “. . . Produced . . .”
 It includes goods and services currently
produced, not transactions involving goods
produced in the past.
 “ . . . Within a Country . . .”
 It measures the value of production within
the geographic confines of a country.
GDP 的衡量
 “. . . 生产的 . . .”
 它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括
涉及过去生产的东西的交易。
 “ . . . 一个国家之内 . . .”
 它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范
围之内。
The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product
 “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”

“… 在某一既定时期内…”
 It measures the value of production that takes
place within a specific interval of time, usually a
year or a quarter (three months).
它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通
常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
GDP 的组成部分
 GDP includes all items produced in the

economy and sold legally in markets.
GDP 包括一个经济体生产并在市场上
合法销售的所有物品与劳务。
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
 What Is Not Counted in GDP?

 GDP excludes most items that are
produced and consumed at home and that
never enter the marketplace.
 It excludes items produced and sold
illicitly, such as illegal drugs.
GDP 的组成部分
 什么未计算在 GDP 之内？

 GDP 不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进
入市场的大多数商品和服务。
 GDP 不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如
毒品。
Other Measures of Income
其他收入衡量指标
 Gross National Product (GNP)

国民收入总值
 Net National Product (NNP)
国民生产净值
 National Income
国民收入
Other Measures of Income
其他收入衡量指标
 Personal Income
个人收入
 Disposable Personal Income
个人可支配收入
Gross National Product
 Gross national product (GNP) is the

total income earned by a nation’s
permanent residents (called nationals).
 It differs from GDP by including
income that our citizens earn abroad
and excluding income that foreigners
earn here.
国民总收入
 国民总收入 (GNP) 是一国永久居民（

称为国民）所赚到的总收入。
 GNP 与 GDP 不同之处在于包括本国公
民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人
在本国赚到的收入。
Net National Product (NDP)
 Net National Product (NDP) is the

total income of the nation’s residents
(GNP) minus losses from
depreciation.
 Depreciation is the wear and tear on
the economy’s stock of equipment
and structures.
国民生产净值 (NDP)
 国民生产净值 (NDP) 是一国居民的

总收入减去折旧的消耗。
 折旧是经济中设备和建筑物存量的
磨损或损耗。
National Income
 National Income is the total income

earned by a nation’s residents in the
production of goods and services.
 It differs from NNP by excluding
indirect business taxes (such as sales
taxes) and including business subsidies.
国民收入
 国民收入是一国居民在物品与劳务生
产中赚到的总收入。
 国民收入与国民产值的不同之处在于
不包括间接的企业税（例如销售税）
而包括企业补贴。
Personal Income
 Personal income is the income that
households and noncorporate businesses
receive.
 Unlike national income, it excludes
retained earnings, which is income that
corporations have earned but have not
paid out to their owners.
 In addition, it includes household’s
interest income and government transfers.
个人收入
 个人收入是居民户和非公司企业得到的
收入。
 与国民收入不同，个人收入不包括留存
收益（未分配利润），留存收益是公司
赚到但没有支付给其所有者的收入。
 另外，个人收入包括家庭从其持有政府
债券中得到的利息收入，以及从政府得
到的转移支付（例如福利和社会保障收
入）。
Disposable Personal Income
 Disposable personal income is the

income that household and
noncorporate businesses have left after
satisfying all their obligations to the
government.
 It equals personal income minus
personal taxes and certain nontax
payments.
个人可支配收入
 个人可支配收入是家庭和非公司企业在
完成他们对政府的义务之后剩下的收
入。
 个人可支配收入等于个人收入减去个人
所得税和某些非税收支付（例如，交
通罚单）。
The Components of GDP
GDP 的组成部分
GDP (Y ) is the sum of the following:

GDP (Y) 是以下项目之和：
 Consumption (C) 消费（ C ）
  Investment (I) 投资（ I ）
  Government Purchases (G) 政府购买（ G ）
  Net Exports (NX) 净出口（ NX ）
Y = C + I + G + NX
GDP 的组成部分
 Consumption 消费 (C):
 The spending by households on goods and services,
with the exception of purchases of new housing.
家庭除了购买新住房以外用于物品与劳务的支出。
 Investment 投资 (I):
 The spending on capital equipment,
inventories, and structures, including new housing.
用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，其中包括
家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
 Government Purchases (G):

 The spending on goods and services by local,
state, and federal governments.
 Does not include transfer payments because
they are not made in exchange for currently
produced goods or services.
 Net Exports (NX):
 Exports minus imports.
GDP 的组成部分
 政府购买 (G):
 地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支
出。
 政府购买不包括转移支付，因为这种支付
并不要求交换现在生产的物品与劳务。
 净出口 (NX):
 出口减进口
Table 1 GDP and Its Components
Copyright©2004 South-Western
表 1. GDP 和其组成部分（ 1998 ）
总量人均量占百分比
（％）
（ 10 亿美元（美元）
）
国内生产总值， Y 10 082 35 375 100
消费， C 6 987 24 516 69
投资， I 1 586 5 565 16
政府购买， G 1 858 6 519 18
净出口， NX -349 -1 225 -3
GDP and Its Components (2001)
Government Purchases
18%
Investment Net Exports
16% -3 %
Consumption
69%
GDP 和其组成部分 (2001)
政府购买
18%
投资净出口
16% -3 %
消费
69%
Real versus Nominal GDP
实际 GDP 与名义 GDP
 Nominal GDP values the production of

goods and services at current prices.
名义 GDP—— 按现期价格计算的物品
与劳务产出的价值量。
 Real GDP values the production of goods
and services at constant prices.
实际 GDP—— 按不变的基年价格计算
的物品与劳务产出的价值量。
Real versus Nominal GDP
实际 GDP 与名义 GDP
An accurate view of the economy

requires adjusting nominal to real
GDP by using the GDP deflator.
如果想对经济有一个更准确的理解，
需要用 GDP 平减指数将名义 GDP 转
换成实际 GDP 。
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义
GDP
年热狗的价格热狗的数量汉堡的价格汉堡的数量

2001 $1 100 $2 50
2002 $2 150 $3 100
2003 $3 200 $4 150
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义 GDP
计算名义 GDP:
2001 ($1/ 个热狗 X 100 个） + （ $2/ 个汉堡 X 50 个）＝￥ 200
2002 ($2/ 个热狗 X 150 个） + （ $3/ 个汉堡 X 100 个）＝￥ 600
2003 ($3/ 个热狗 X 200 个） + （ $4/ 个汉堡 X 150 个）＝￥ 1200
计算实际 GDP （基年为 2001 年） :

2001 ($1/ 个热狗 X 100 个） + （ $2/ 个汉堡 X 50 个）＝￥ 200
2002 ($1/ 个热狗 X 150 个） + （ $2/ 个汉堡 X 100 个）＝￥ 350
2003 ($1/ 个热狗 X 200 个） + （ $2/ 个汉堡 X 150 个）＝￥ 500
GDP Deflator GDP 平减指数
 The GDP deflator measures the current level of

prices relative to the level of prices in the base year.
GDP 平减指数衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价水平。
 It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is
attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in
the quantities produced.
GDP 平减指数说明在名义 GDP 增长中，多少归因
于价格的上升而不是产量的增加。
GDP Deflator GDP 平减指数
The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:

GDP 平减指数计算如下：
Nominal GDP
GDP deflator =  100
Real GDP
Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP
将名义 GDP 转换成实际 GDP
Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as

follows:
转换如下：
(Nominal GDP20xx )
Real GDP20xx = X 100
(GDP deflator20xx )
计算 GDP 平减指数：
2001 （ $200/$200) X 100 = 100
2002 （ $600/$350) X 100 = 171
2003 （ $1200/$500) X 100 = 240
Figure 2 Real GDP in the United States
Billions of
1996 Dollars
$10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
图 2. 美国的实际 GDP
1996 年的
10 亿美元
$10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
GDP and Economic Well-Being
GDP 和经济福利
 GDP is the best single measure of the
economic well-being of a society.
GDP 是社会经济福利一个最好的衡量指标。
 GDP per person tells us the income and
expenditure of the average person in the
economy.
人均 GDP 告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收
入与支出。
GDP 和经济福利
 Higher GDP per person indicates a higher

standard of living.
较高的人均 GDP 说明较高的生活水平。
 GDP is not a perfect measure of the
happiness or quality of life, however.
但是， GDP 并不是幸福或生活质量的完
美衡量指标。
 Some things that contribute to well-being

are not included in GDP.
 The value of leisure.
 The value of a clean environment.
 The value of almost all activity that takes
place outside of markets, such as the value of
the time parents spend with their children
and the value of volunteer work.
GDP 和经济福利
 对美好生活作出贡献的某些东西并没
有包括在 GDP 中。
 闲暇的价值。
 清洁环境的价值。
 几乎所有在市场之外进行的活动的价值，
如父母在家照顾孩子的时间的价值和义务
工作的价值。
Table 3 GDP, Life Expectancy, and Literacy
表 3. GDP 、预期寿命与识字率
国别人均实际 GDP(1999 年，美元 ) 预期寿命（岁）成人识字

率（％）
美国 31 872 77
99
日本 24 898 81
99
德国 23 742 78
99
墨西哥 8 297 72
91
俄罗斯 7 473 66
99
巴西 7 037 67
85
中国 3 617 70
83
印度尼西亚 2 857 66
Summary
 Because every transaction has a buyer and

a seller, the total expenditure in the
economy must equal the total income in
the economy.
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures
an economy’s total expenditure on newly
produced goods and services and the total
income earned from the production of
these goods and services.
小结
 由于每一次交易都有买者与卖者，所以
，经济中的总支出必定等于经济中的总
收入。
 国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量经济用于新
生产的物品与劳务的总支出，以及生产
这些物品与劳务所赚到的总收入。
Summary
 GDP is the market value of all final

goods and services produced within a
country in a given period of time.
 GDP is divided among four
components of expenditure:
consumption, investment, government
purchases, and net exports.
小结
 GDP 是一个国家之内在某一既定时
期生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市
场价值。
 GDP 分为四个组成部分：消费、投
资、政府购买和净出口。
Summary
 Nominal GDP uses current prices to

value the economy’s production. Real
GDP uses constant base-year prices to
value the economy’s production of goods
and services.
 The GDP deflator--calculated from the
ratio of nominal to real GDP--measures
the level of prices in the economy.
小结
 名义 GDP 用现期价格来评价经济
中物品与劳务的生产。实际 GDP 用
不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与
劳务的生产。
 GDP 平减指数——用名义 GDP 与
实际 GDP 的比率计算——衡量经济
的物价水平。
Summary
 GDP is a good measure of economic

well-being because people prefer
higher to lower incomes.
 It is not a perfect measure of well-
being because some things, such as
leisure time and a clean environment,
aren’t measured by GDP.
小结
 GDP 是经济福利的一个良好衡量指
标，因为人们对高收入的偏好大于
低收入。
 但是 GDP 并不是衡量福利的一个完
美指标，因为 GDP 不包括闲暇的价
值和清洁的环境的价值。

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8

THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS

 Macroeconomics answers questions

When judging whether the economy is

 国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量一个经

The equality of income and

Factors of MARKETS Labor, land,

GDP is the market value of all final

 “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”

 GDP includes all items produced in the

 What Is Not Counted in GDP?

 什么未计算在 GDP 之内？

 Gross National Product (GNP)

 Gross national product (GNP) is the

 国民总收入 (GNP) 是一国永久居民（

 Net National Product (NDP) is the

 国民生产净值 (NDP) 是一国居民的

 National Income is the total income

 Disposable personal income is the

GDP (Y ) is the sum of the following:

 Government Purchases (G):

 Nominal GDP values the production of

An accurate view of the economy

年 热狗的价格 热狗的数量 汉堡的价格 汉堡的数量

2003 ($3/ 个热狗 X 200 个） + （ $4/ 个汉堡 X 150 个）＝￥ 1200

计算实际 GDP （基年为 2001 年） :

2003 ($1/ 个热狗 X 200 个） + （ $2/ 个汉堡 X 150 个）＝￥ 500

 The GDP deflator measures the current level of

The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:

Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as

 Higher GDP per person indicates a higher

 Some things that contribute to well-being

国别 人均实际 GDP(1999 年，美元 ) 预期寿命（岁） 成人识字

 Because every transaction has a buyer and

 GDP is the market value of all final

 Nominal GDP uses current prices to

 GDP is a good measure of economic

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年热狗的价格热狗的数量汉堡的价格汉堡的数量

国别人均实际 GDP(1999 年，美元 ) 预期寿命（岁）成人识字