Jurusan

Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

TOKSIKOLOGI FORENSIK
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Toxicology Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Toxicology—the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or

physical agents on living organisms.

Types:
Environmental—air, water, soil
Consumer—foods, cosmetics, drugs
Medical, clinical, forensic
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Toxicologists Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Toxicologists are charged with the responsibility for detecting

and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body
fluids, tissues, and organs.

Toxicologists not only work in crime laboratories and medical

examiners’ offices, but may also reach into hospital laboratories
and health facilities to identify a drug overdose or monitor the
intake of drugs.
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Forensic Toxicology found in: Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Postmortem—medical examiner or coroner

Criminal—motor vehicle accidents (MVA)

Workplace—drug testing
Sports—human and animals
Environment—industrial, catastrophic,
Assassination/Terrorism
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Major focus of forensic toxicology Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

 the quantification of alcohol in the blood

 determine the presence of poisons including cyanide,
carbon monoxide, and arsenic, and
 quantify the presence of drugs
 determinations of cause and manner of death through
the testing of samples from body fluids, tissues, and
organs
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What toxicologist looking for? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Toxic substances may:

 Be a cause of death
 Contribute to death
 Cause impairment
 Explain behavior
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Symptoms of Various Types of Poisoning Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Type of Poison

1. Caustic poison (lye) Characteristic burns around the lips and mouth of victim
2. Carbon monoxide Red or pink patches on the chest and thigh, unusually bright
red lividity
3. Sulfuric acid Black vomit
4. Hydrochloric acid Greenish-brown vomit
5. Cyanide- Seizures, Burnt almond odor
6. Arsenic diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine, cramping muscles, stomach
pain, and convulsions.
7. Methyl (wood) or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol Nausea and vomiting,
unconsciousness possibly blindness

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CO poisonous Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti
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To Prove a Case Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Prove a crime was committed

Motive
Intent
Access to poison
Access to victim
Death was homicidal
Death was caused by poison

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Aspects of Toxicity Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Dosage
• The chemical or physical form of the substance
• The mode of entry into the body
• Body weight and physiological conditions of the
victim, including age and sex
• The time period of exposure
• The presence of other chemicals in the body or
in the dose
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Lethal Dose Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

LD50 refers to the dose of a substance that kills half the test
population, usually within four hours.

Testing is usually done on animals that compare well to humans

metabolism

Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight

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Potential drugs and poisons Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

LD50 ?
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Common exposure of toxicants Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti
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Alcohol Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• A major branch of forensic

toxicology deals with the
measurement of alcohol in the body
for matters that pertain to violations
of criminal law.
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Alcohol—Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Most abused drug in America

About 40 percent of all traffic deaths are alcohol-
related. Acts as a depressant
Toxic—affecting the central nervous system,
especially the brain
Colorless liquid, generally diluted in water
Alcohol appears in blood within minutes; 30–90
minutes for full absorption
Detoxification—about 90 percent in the liver
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Rate of Absorption Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Depends on:
Amount of alcohol consumed
The alcohol content of
the beverage
Time taken to consume it
Quantity and type of food
present in the stomach
Physiology of the consumer
About 5 percent is excreted unchanged in
breath, perspiration, and urine
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Toxicology of Alcohol Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• The analysis of alcohol exemplifies the primary objective of

forensic toxicology—the detection and isolation of drugs in
the body for the purpose of determining their influence on
human behavior.
• Alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid normally
diluted with water and consumed as a beverage.
• Like any depressant, alcohol principally effects the central
nervous system, particularly the brain.
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Alcohol on the Breath Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• A major branch of forensic

toxicology deals with the
measurement of alcohol in
the body for matters that
pertain to violations of
criminal law.
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Alcohol & Circulatory System Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Humans have a closed circulatory system

consisting of a heart, arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
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Alcohol & Circulatory System Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small

intestines into the blood stream.
• Alcohol is carried to the liver where the process of its
destruction starts.
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Kimia
• Blood, carrying alcohol, moves to the heart and Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

is pumped to the lungs.

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Alcohol & Circulatory System Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• In the lungs, carbon dioxide and alcohol leave the blood and
oxygen enters the blood in the air sacs known as alveoli.
• Then the carbon dioxide and alcohol are exhaled during
breathing.
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Toxicology of Alcohol Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• The analysis of alcohol exemplifies the primary objective

of forensic toxicology—the detection and isolation of
drugs in the body for the purpose of determining their
influence on human behavior
• Alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid normally
diluted with water and consumed as a beverage.
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Kimia
Breath Testers Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Breath testers that operate on

the principle of infrared light
absorption are becoming
increasingly popular within the
law enforcement community.
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Toxicology of Alcohol Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Like any depressant, alcohol principally effects the central nervous

system, particularly the brain.
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Alcohol Levels Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Then the alcohol concentration slowly decreases until a zero level is

again reached.
• Factors such as time taken to consume the drink, the alcohol
content, the amount consumed, and food present in the stomach
determine the rate at which alcohol is absorbed.
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Alcohol Levels Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Elimination of alcohol throughout the body is accomplished through

oxidation and excretion.

• Oxidation takes place almost entirely in the liver, while alcohol is

excreted unchanged in the breath, urine, and perspiration.

• The extent to which an individual may be under the influence of

alcohol is usually determined by either measuring the quantity of
alcohol present in the blood system or by measuring the alcohol
content in the breath.
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Kimia
Alcohol Levels Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Experimental evidence
has verified that the
amount of alcohol exhaled
in the breath is in direct
proportion to the blood
concentration.
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Alcohol metabolism Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

The maximum
concentration of alcohol
in the blood, or BAC,
registers as quickly as
30 minutes or as long as
hours after the alcohol
has been completely
absorbed,

alcohol is a drug that affects all organs and systems, but especially the
central nervous system and particularly the brain.
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Alcohol detoxification Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Alcohol is detoxified by one or more of the many alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes present in humans.

Mutation ALDH2
enzyme in ASIAN

• The detoxification rate, or elimination rate, is approximately 0.015% w/v (0.015 g/100 mL) per hour, on average, although this can
vary by as much as 30% between individuals due to the varying levels of ADH and ALDH enzymes and liver function.
• Alcohol and its detoxification products are excreted through the skin, breath, and urine
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ALDH1A1 and ALDH2 protein sequence alignment with Glu504Lys mutation in yellow Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Crystal structure of human ALDH2 (3sz9.pdb) bound

to 1-(4-ethylbenzene)prop-2-en-1-one inhibitor.
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Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• USA: BAC legal limit for a

person operating a motor
vehicle is 0.08% (w/v)
• France, Germany, Ireland,
Japan (0.05%)
• Sweden (0.02%)
• Indonesia ???
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BACs of 0.24%–0.36% typically lead to loss of consciousness and a concentration of 0.48% has been linked
to severe coma and even death.
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Measure the BAC Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

The concentration of alcohol in the blood can be measured indirectly using breath tests and directly using blood tests

the time alcohol was consumed can

influence the blood result test, why?

Type your answer in iLearn Forum

 Jurusan
Breath Testers Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Many types of breath testers are designed to analyze a set volume

of breath.
• The captured breath is exposed to infrared light.
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Field Testing Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Law enforcement officers typically use field sobriety tests

to estimate a motorist’s degree of physical impairment by
alcohol and whether or not an evidential test for alcohol is
justified.
• The horizontal gaze nystagmus test, walk and turn, and
the one-leg stand are all considered reliable and effective
psychophysical tests.
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Gas Chromatography Testing Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Gas chromatography offers the toxicologist the most widely used

approach for determining alcohol levels in blood.
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Gas Chromatography Testing Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Blood must always be drawn under medically accepted conditions by

a qualified individual.
• It is important that a nonalcoholic disinfectant be applied before the
suspect’s skin is penetrated with a sterile needle or lancet.
• Once blood is removed from an individual, its preservation is best
ensured when it is sealed in an airtight container after an
anticoagulant and a preservative have been added and stored in a
refrigerator.
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The Confirmation Step Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• The GC separates the sample into its components, while the MS

represents a unique “fingerprint” pattern that can be used for
identification.

• Once the drug is extracted and identified, the toxicologist may be

required to provide an opinion on the drug’s effect on an individual’s
natural performance or physical state.