Cardiovascular Diseases: Presented By: Maliha Zulqarnain (31), Pernia Zuha (15), Maryam Rao (23), Minahil Zaheer

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Cardiovascular diseases

Presented by: Maliha Zulqarnain (31), Pernia Zuha (15), Maryam Rao
(23), Minahil Zaheer (26)
Arrythmias
• An arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, is a problem with the rate or rhythm
of heartbeat
• Arrhythmias can manifest as the heart beating too fast (tachycardia), too
slow (bradycardia), or in an irregular pattern
• Arrhythmias may be benign and not pose significant health risks, or they
can be more serious and potentially life-threatening
Causes
Common causes of arrhythmias include:
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Certain medications
• Structural abnormalities in the heart
Symptoms
Symptoms of arrhythmias can vary and may include:
• Palpitations
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Chest pain, or shortness of breath
Treatment
Treatment for arrhythmias depends on the type and severity of the condition.
It may involve lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures, or, in
severe cases, implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators. If you
suspect you have an arrhythmia or are experiencing symptoms, it's crucial to
consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and
appropriate treatment.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the process of blood clot formation within blood vessels. In
cardiovascular disease, conditions that promote the formation of blood clots
can lead to thrombosis. For example, atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque
in arteries) can damage blood vessel walls, triggering the formation of clots.
Arterial Thrombosis
Blood clots can form in arteries, contributing to conditions such as coronary
artery thrombosis. If a clot partially or completely blocks a coronary artery
supplying the heart muscle, it can result in a heart attack.
Venous Thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a form of venous thrombosis where clots
develop in the deep veins, often in the legs. If a DVT clot breaks loose and
travels to the lungs, it can cause a pulmonary embolism.
Risk Factors
Conditions such as atrial fibrillation, which disrupts normal heart rhythm,
can increase the risk of thrombosis. Additionally, individuals with certain
genetic or acquired clotting disorders may be more prone to thrombotic
events
Causes
• Arteriosclerosis
• Endothelial damage
• Inflammatory conditions
• Hypercoagulable states
• Arterial fibrillation
Symptoms
The symptoms of thrombosis in cardiovascular disease depend on the location
and size of the clot. Common symptoms include:
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Pain and swelling
• Coolness or discoloration
• Clot migration
Treatment
The treatment of thrombosis in cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves
addressing the underlying cause of the blood clot, preventing further clot
formation, and managing complications. The specific treatment approach
may vary depending on the location and severity of the thrombosis
.
Embolism
Embolism involves the movement of a detached blood
clot (embolus) or other material through the
bloodstream. In cardiovascular disease, emboli are
often derived from thrombi that have formed in
damaged blood vessels.
Pulmonary Embolism
One of the significant roles of embolism in
cardiovascular disease is seen in pulmonary embolism
(PE). PE occurs when an embolus, usually originating
from a DVT, travels to the lungs and causes a blockage
in the pulmonary arteries. PE can be life-threatening.
Systemic Embolism
Emboli can also travel to other organs, causing systemic embolism. For
example, an embolus originating in the heart might travel to the brain,
leading to a stroke.
Prevention
Preventing embolic events often involves anticoagulant medications to
reduce the risk of clot formation and interventions to address the underlying
causes, such as atrial fibrillation.
Causes
• Deep vain thrombosis
• Endocarditis
• Mitral stenosis
• Arterial fibrillation
• Prosthetic heart valve
Symptoms
The symptoms of embolism depend on the location where the embolus
lodges and the affected organ. Common symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Neurological symptoms
• Renal symptoms
• Abdominal pain
Treatment
The treatment of embolism in cardiovascular disease (CVD) aims to prevent
further emboli, dissolve existing clots, and manage complications. The
specific treatment approach depends on factors such as the location of the
embolus, the severity of symptoms, and the underlying cardiovascular
condition.
Stroke
• A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks
blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
In either case, parts of the brain become damaged or die
• A stroke is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial. Early
action can reduce brain damage and other complications
Symptoms
• Paralysis or Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg,
especially on one side of the body
• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech
• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, headache, loss of balance, or lack of
coordination
Types & Causes
There are 2 main types of stroke: ischaemic strokes and haemorrhagic
strokes. They affect the brain in different ways and can have different causes.
Ischaemic strokes
• Ischaemic strokes are the most common type of stroke. They happen when
a blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain
• These blood clots typically form in areas where the arteries have been
narrowed or blocked over time by fatty deposits (plaques). This process is
known as atherosclerosis
• Another possible cause of ischaemic stroke is a type of irregular heartbeat
called atrial fibrillation. This can cause blood clots in the heart that break
apart and end up in the blood vessels that supply the brain
Haemorrhagic strokes
• Haemorrhagic strokes (also known as cerebral haemorrhages or intracranial
haemorrhages) are less common than ischaemic strokes
• They happen when a blood vessel inside the skull bursts and bleeds into
and around the brain
• The main cause of haemorrhagic stroke is high blood pressure, which can
weaken the arteries in the brain and make them more likely to split or
rupture
• Haemorrhagic strokes can also be caused by the rupture of a balloon-like
expansion of a blood vessel (brain aneurysm) or abnormally formed blood
vessels in the brain
Risk factors
• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Birth control pills
• Abnormal hearth rhythm
• Cardiac structural abnormalities
• Old age
• Gender- more common in men
• Heredity or genetics
• High red blood cell count
• High blood cholesterol and lipids
• Lack of exercise
• Obesity
• Excessive alcohol use
Lifestyle changes
A healthy lifestyle can help reduce your risk for stroke. That includes the
following:
• Stop smoking, if you smoke
• Make healthy food choices. Be sure to get the recommended amounts of
fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Choose foods that are low in saturated
fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars
• Stay at a healthy weight
• Be physically active
• Limit alcohol use
Diet treatment
Fruits and vegetables: Fiber-rich fruits and vegetables can help lower
cholesterol and manage blood sugar levels.
Whole grains: Whole grains provide more fiber and nutrients than refined
grains.
Lean protein: Eating lean protein can help build muscle and tissue.
Low-fat dairy: Dairy products provide essential nutrients such as calcium,
and vitamin D. Choose low-fat or fat-free options to limit saturated fat and
cholesterol.
Healthy fats: Include healthy fats, such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados.
These fats can help improve blood cholesterol levels and reduce
inflammation.
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart disease, also called a defect, refers to one or more problems
with the heart structure that are present at birth. These abnormalities occur
when the heart or blood vessels don't form correctly in utero.
Symptoms
General signs of congenital heart disease can include:
• A blue tinge to the skin or lips (cyanosis)
• Rapid breathing
• Rapid heartbeat
• Swelling in the legs, tummy and around the eyes
• Shortness of breath in babies during feeding (making it hard for them to
gain weight) and in older children and adults during exercise
• Extreme tiredness and fatigue
• Fainting during exercise
• Swelling in the hands, ankles or feet
In more severe cases, these problems may develop shortly after birth.
However, symptoms sometimes don't develop until the teenage years or early
adulthood.
Causes
Researchers aren't sure what causes most types of congenital heart disease. Some
congenital heart diseases are passed down through families (inherited).
Risk factors
Certain environmental and genetic risk factors might play a role in the
development of congenital heart disease, including:
• Genetics
• German measles (rubella). Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the
baby's heart develops while in the womb
• Diabetes
• Medications
• Alcohol
• Smoking
Prevention
Some types of congenital heart disease occur in families (inherited). If you
have or someone in your family has congenital heart disease, screening by a
genetic counselor may help determine the risk of certain heart defects in
future children.
Lifestyle changes
• Choose heart-healthy foods. Following a heart-healthy eating pattern,
which includes consuming plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains,
reduces heart disease risk factors like high blood pressure and obesity
• Get regular physical activity. Physical activity can improve physical fitness
and lower many heart disease risk factors, including high blood pressure
• Quit smoking
• Aim for a healthy weight. If you are overweight or have obesity, you can
improve your health by aiming for a healthy weight
• Manage stress
• Take care of your mental health
Heart Failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood
effectively to meet the body's needs. This can happen when the heart muscle
becomes weakened or stiff, reducing its ability to contract and pump blood.
Types
There are two main types of heart failure:
• Systolic Heart Failure
• Diastolic Heart Failure
Systolic Heart Failure
This occurs when the heart's left ventricle (the chamber responsible for pumping blood to
the body) becomes weak and cannot contract with enough force during each heartbeat.
Diastolic Heart Failure
In this type, the left ventricle becomes stiff and cannot relax properly between beats. This
impairs the filling of the ventricle with blood, reducing the amount of blood pumped out
to the body.
Causes
Common causes of heart failure include:
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Blockages in the coronary arteries can
lead to a heart attack, damaging the heart muscle
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Prolonged high blood pressure can
strain the heart and contribute to heart failure
Cardiomyopathy: Diseases of the heart muscle can weaken the heart
Valvular Heart Disease: Malfunctioning heart valves can affect blood flow
Symptoms
Symptoms of heart failure may include:
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Swelling in the legs, ankles
• Persistent coughing or wheezing
Treatment
Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms,
and lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and medications. Regular
medical monitoring is crucial for individuals with heart failure.
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis involves the thickening and stiffening of arteries due to the
accumulation of plaque and other substances on artery walls.
Symptoms
Initially, arteriosclerosis might not show noticeable symptoms. However, as
it progresses, it can lead to symptoms like:
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Leg pain
• In severe cases, it causes heart attacks or strokes
Causes
The main causes are:
Accumulation of plaque made up of fat cholesterol, calcium, and other
substances on the inner walls of arteries.
Factors that contribute to its development are:
• high cholesterol
• high blood pressure
• Smoking
• diabetes
• Obesity
• An unhealthy diet
Risk factors
High Cholesterol: Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol (often called “bad”
cholesterol) can increase plaque formation.
Hypertension: Hypertension strains the arteries, contributing to their
narrowing.
Smoking: Chemicals in tobacco can damage blood vessels, leading to plaque
buildup.
Diabetes: Increases the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
Obesity: Excessive weight can lead to various risk factors like high blood
pressure and diabetes.
Lack of Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyles contribute to CAD.
Family History: A genetic predisposition can increase the risk.
Treatment
• Treatment aims to manage symptoms, reduce risk factors, and prevent
complications
• Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking
managing conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes are crucial
• Medications might be prescribed to control cholesterol levels or blood
pressure
In severe cases, procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery might be
necessary to open or bypass blocked arteries.
References
• www.cdc.gov
• www.mayoclinic.org
• www.hopkinsmedicine.org
• www.ucsfheath.org
Thank you!
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