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    The Nature of Solids

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    nsuperticioso
    Solids form when the temperature of a liquid is low and pressure is high, causing particles to be close together. Solids have fixed particle positions, resulting in rigidity. There are crystalline and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have ordered particle arrangements in repeating units called unit cells, forming crystal lattices. Unit cells come in cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and other shapes. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas involve absorbing or releasing heat.

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    The Nature of Solids

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    nsuperticioso
    29 views11 pages
    Solids form when the temperature of a liquid is low and pressure is high, causing particles to be close together. Solids have fixed particle positions, resulting in rigidity. There are crystalline and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have ordered particle arrangements in repeating units called unit cells, forming crystal lattices. Unit cells come in cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and other shapes. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas involve absorbing or releasing heat.

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    THE-NATURE-OF-SOLIDS

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    Solids form when the temperature of a liquid is low and pressure is high, causing particles to be close together. Solids have fixed particle positions, resulting in rigidity. There are crystalline and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have ordered particle arrangements in repeating units called unit cells, forming crystal lattices. Unit cells come in cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and other shapes. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas involve absorbing or releasing heat.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    29 views11 pages

    The Nature of Solids

    Uploaded by

    nsuperticioso
    Solids form when the temperature of a liquid is low and pressure is high, causing particles to be close together. Solids have fixed particle positions, resulting in rigidity. There are crystalline and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have ordered particle arrangements in repeating units called unit cells, forming crystal lattices. Unit cells come in cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and other shapes. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas involve absorbing or releasing heat.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    THE NATURE OF

    SOLIDS
    How solids formed?
     A solid is formed when the
    temperature of a liquid is low
    and the pressure is
    sufficiently high causing the
    particles come very close to
    each other.
     Solids are rigid because their
    molecules have fixed
    positions.
     Their particles hardly diffuse.
    CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLIDS
     Crystalline solids
    -are those whose atoms, ions, or molecules are
    ordered in well-defined arrangements. They usually
    have flat surfaces or faces, and sharp edges.
    Examples: ice, sugar, and gems.

     Amorphous solids
    -(from the Greek word for “without form”) are
    solids whose particles do not have orderly
    structures so they have poorly-defined shapes.
    Examples: Rubber, plastic, and glass.
    Types of Crystalline Solids
    Types of Crystalline solids Types of particles Forces between particles Properties Examples

    Ionic Positive and negative ions Electrostatic attractions Hard, brittle, and poor NaCl, MgCl2, and Ca(No3)2
    electrical and thermal
    conduction
    Molecular Atoms or molecules Hydrogen bonds, dipole- Soft, low to moderately high Most organic compounds like
    dipole forces, and London melting point, and poor CH4, and many inorganic
    dispersion forces thermal and electrical compounds like CO2, H20,
    conduction and Br2

    Covalent network Atoms connected in a network Covalent bonds Very hard, very high melting Diamond, silicon Carbide, and
    of covalent molecules point, and often poor thermal Quartz
    and electrical conduction
    Metallic Atoms or molecules Metallic bonds Soft to hard, low to high All metallic elements like Cu,
    melting point, malleable, Na, Zn, Fe, and Al
    ductile, and good thermal and
    electrical conduction
    The Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell

     Unit cell is the smallest


    portion of the crystal which
    shows the complete pattern of
    its particles.

     Crystal lattice is formed when


    unit cells are repeated in all
    directions.
    Basic types of unit cells

     Cubic –galena
     Tetragonal –zircon
     Orthorhombic-topaz
     Monoclinic-gypsum
     Rhombohedral-calcite
     Hexagonal –tourmaline
     Triclinic – amazonite
    Three kinds of cubic unit cells

     Simple cubic unit cell


    -has an atom at each of the eight corners
    of the cube.
     Body-centered cubic unit cell
    -has an additional atom in the center of
    its cube.
     Face-centered cubic unit cell
    -has additional atoms on each of its six
    faces where each is shared with another
    neighboring cube.
    Phase Changes
     Melting – is the process where solid turns into
    liquid – heat is absorbed
     Freezing- is the process where liquid turns into
    solid – heat is released
     Evaporation – is the process where liquid turns
    into gas- heat is absorbed
     Condensation- gas turns into liquid- heat is
    released
     Sublimation –solid turns to gas- heat is absorbed
     Deposition – gas turns to solid-heat is released
    Phase Diagram
    Specific Heat –is the amount of heat needed to raise the
    temperature of one gram of a substance by degree celcius.

     Specific heat = joules /g c = C


    Q=mc t
    Q=heat
    C= specific heat
    M = mass
    Change in temperature= Temperature final – temperature initial
    Heat of fusion and Heat of Vaporization

     Heat of fusion
    -The heat absorbed to melt one gram of ice to one gram of water.
     Heat of Vaporization
    - the energy absorbed to change 1 gram of liquid to gas at its boiling point.

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