INTRODUCTION TO

POWER ELECTRONICS
GROUP 3
MELISSA VILLEGAS
LOVELY CASTILLO
EDMON DESPABILADERAS
 POWER
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
Motor-control circuits use a number of primary
semiconductor device types.
The most significant ones are
I. DIODE
2. two-wire thyristor (or PNPN diode)
3. three-wire thyristor [or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)]
4. gate turnoff (GTO) thyristor
5. DiAC
6. TRIAC
7. power transistor (PTR)
8. insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
 DIODE
A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE
CALLED A DIODE IS MADE TO
CONDUCT CURRENT ONLY IN ONE
DIRECTION.

A DIODE'S PURPOSE IS TO
CONDUCT CURRENT IN ONE WAY
ONLY—FROM ITS ANODE TO ITS
CATHODE.
SYMBOL OF A DIODE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIODE
 TWO-WIRE THYRISTOR
(OR PNPN DIODE)
A family of semiconductor devices consisting of four
semiconductor layers is referred to as thyristors.

The two-wire thyristor, sometimes referred to as the

trigger diode or PNPN diode, is one member of this
family.

The reverse-blocking diode type thyristor is the name of

this device according to the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard for graphic
symbols.
TWO-WIRE THYRISTOR • In the reverse-blocking region, the PNPN
(OR PNPN DIODE) diode behaves as an ordinary diode and
blocks all current flow until the reverse
• The PNPN diode is a rectifier or diode breakdown voltage is reached.
with an unusual voltage-current
characteristic in the forward-biased • In the conducting region, the PNPN diode
region. again behaves as an ordinary diode,
• The characteristic curve consists of allowing large amounts of current to flow
three regions: with very little voltage drop.

• THE REVERSE-BLOCKING REGION • It is the forward-blocking region that

• THE FORWARD-BLOCKING distinguishes a PNPN diode from an
REGION ordinary diode.
• THE CONDUCTING REGION
SYMBOL OF A TWO-WIRE
THYRISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO WIRE
THYRISTOR
 THREE-WIRE THYRISTOR OR SCR
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
• This device was developed and given the name SCR by
the General Electric Company in 1958. The name
thyristor was adopted later by the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
• The SCR is a controlled rectifier or diode. Its voltage-
current characteristic with the gate lead open is the same
as that of a PNPN diode.
• In power-control circuits, three wire thyristors, often
known as SCRs, are by far the most widely used
components. These are extensively employed in switching
or rectification applications and come in ratings that go
from a few amperes to a maximum of approximately 3000
A.
SYMBOL THE THREE-WIRE THYRISTOR OR
SCR
CHARACTERISTICS THE THREE-
WIRE THYRISTOR OR SCR
 GATE TURN OFF THYRISTOR
(GTO)
Even when the current iD exceeds IH, a gto thyristor
is a type of SCR that may be turned off by applying
a sufficiently strong negative pulse to its gate lead.
GTO thyristors have been around since the 1960s,
but it wasn't until the late 1970s that they were
useful for motor control applications.

A GTO thyristor typically requires a larger gate

current for turn-on than
an ordinary SCR.

The magnitude of the negative current pulse

must be one-fourth to one-sixth that of the current
flowing through the device.
SYMBOL OF THE GATE TURN OFF
THYRISTOR (gto)
CHARACTERSISTICS OF THE GATE TURN
OFF THYRISTOR (gto)
 DIAC
A DIAC is a device that functions
similarly to two PNPN diodes
connected back to back and is made
up of five semiconductor layers
(PNPNP). At the breakover voltage,
it can conduct in either direction.

-Diode for alternating current or DIAC

LETS GET STARTED

SYMBOL OF A
DIAC
CHARACTERSISTICS OF A
DIAC
 TRIAC
When two SCRs with a common gate lead are
linked back to back, the device is known as a
TRIAC. Once its breakover voltage is exceeded,
it can conduct in either way.

Similar to an SCR, a TRIAC responds to both

positive and negative pulses at its gate, and as
gate current increases, so does the breakover
voltage in a TRIAC (Triode for alternating
current)
SYMBOL OF A
TRIAC
CHARACTERSISTICS OF A
TRIAC
 POWER TRANSISTOR
Power transistors (PTRs) are frequently utilized to turn
on or off electricity in machinery control applications.
Since transistors are typically utilized as switches in
machinery-control applications, they should either be
fully on or off.

Inverter circuits are the most common applications for

power transistors. Large power transistors have a
fundamental drawback in switching applications.
Because a relatively large base current must be
provided or removed when turning them on or off,
they are rather slow to transition from the on to the off
state and vice versa.
SYMBOL OF A POWER
TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERSISTICS OF A POWER
TRANSISTOR
 INSULATED-GATE BIPOLAR
TRANSISTOR

The creation of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor

(IGBT) is relatively new. It is comparable to a power
transistor, but instead of being controlled by the
current entering the base as in a power transistor, it is
controlled by the voltage provided to a gate.

An IGBT has a very high control gate impedance,

which results in very little current passing through
the gate. The gadget functions similarly to a metal-
oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET) plusSTARTED
LETS GET
A transistor of power.
SYMBOL OF A THE INSULATED-
GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERSISTICS OF A THE INSULATED-
GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
 BASIC RECTIFIER
CIRCUITS
A circuit that converts AC power to DC power.
Rectifiers can take a wide variety of physical forms,
from vacuum tube diodes and crystal radio receivers to
modern silicon-based designs.

4 most common rectifier circuits

• The half-wave rectifier

• The full-wave bridge rectifier
• The three-phase half-wave rectifier
• The three-phase full-wave rectifier
THE HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
THE FULL-WAVE BRIDGE
RECTIFIER
THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF
THE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
THREE-PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT
THREE-PHASE HALF-WAVE INPUT VOLTAGES
TO THE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT
THE THREE-PHASE FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER
THIS CIRCUIT PLACES THE LOWEST OF ITS
THREE INPUT VOLTAGES AT ITS OUTPUT
 PULSE CIRCUITS

A train of pulses indicate a sudden high level and a

sudden low level transition from a baseline level
which can be understood as ON/OFF respectively.

Pulse Circuit is also known as relaxation oscillator.

VOLTAGE VARIATION BY AC
PHASE CONTROL

Level of voltage applied to a motor is one of the common

variables in motor-control applications. The SCR and the
TRIAC provide a convenient technique for controlling the
average voltage applied to a load by changing the phase
angle at which the source voltage is applied to it.
AC PHASE CONTROL FOR A DC LOAD DRIVEN FROM AN
AC SOURCE
AC PHASE ANGLE CONTROL FOR AN AC LOAD
THE EFFECT OF INDUCTIVE LOADS ON PHASE ANGLE
CONTROL
 DC-TO-DC POWER CONTROL-CHOPPERS

Forced Commutation in Chopper Circuits

• When the SCRs are used in choppers circuitry the forced
commutation circuitry should be added to gets off the SCR at the
required time.
• Mostly this category of forced commutation circuitry relies at their
turnoff voltage at capacitor in a charged state.
• 2 main types of capacitor commutation are overlooked here.
• Series-capacitor commutation circuits
• Parallel-capacitor commutation circuits
SERIES-CAPACITOR COMMUTATION CIRCUITS
PARALLEL-CAPACITOR COMMUTATION CIRCUITS
 INVERTERS

Perhaps the most rapidly growing area in modern power electronics is static
frequency conversion, the conversion of ac power at one frequency to ac
power at another frequency by means of solid-state electronics. Traditionally
there have been two approaches to static ac frequency conversion: the
cycloconverter and the rectifier-inverter. The cycloconverter is a device for
directly converting ac power at one frequency to ac power at another
frequency, while the rectifier-inverter first converts ac power to dc power
and then converts the dc power to ac power again at a different frequency.
A rectifier-inverter is divided into two parts:
• A rectifier to produce dc power.
• An inverter to produce ac power from the dc power.
Each part is treated separately.

The Rectifier

• External Commutation Inverters

• Self-Commutation Inverters
• A Single-Phase Current Source Inverter
• A Three-Phase Current Source Inverter
• A Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter
• Pulse-Width Modulation Inverters
 CYCLOCONVERTER
• An instrument that is used to transform AC power from one frequency level to
another frequency level.
• If we compare this circuitry to the rectifier inverter circuitry then we come to
know that cycloconverter consists of numerous SCRs and has complicated
circuitry.
• Either it has complicated circuitry but its cost is less than the rectifier inverters
with high power ratings.
• This exists in constant frequency and variable frequency categories. The constant
frequency cycloconverter is used to offer power at different frequency levels from
the power source.
• The variable frequency cycloconverter is employed to offer a variable
output voltage and frequency through a constant voltage and constant
frequency power source.
• The cycloconverter produces the required output signal by making the
mixture of 3 input phases that generally fulfill the required output voltage
at every time.
• Normally 2 main types of cycloconverter first one is a noncirculating
current cycloconverter and the second one is a circulating current
cycloconverter.
CYCLOCONVERTER BASIC
CONCEPT
 2 Types of Cycloconverter

• Non-circulating Current Cycloconverter

2. Circulating Current Cycloconverter
 HARMONIC PROBLEMS

Power electronic components and circuits make up 50-60% of the total load on most
power systems in the developed world, influencing the overall operation of these
systems. However, the main problem with power electronics is the harmonic
components of voltage and current induced by switching transients in power
electronic controllers. These harmonics increase total current flows in the lines,
leading to increased losses and heating in power system components. High-neutral
currents can trip protective relays, shutting down portions of a power system. To
address this issue, new standards have been created to limit the amount of harmonics
produced by power electronic circuits and new controllers are designed to minimize
the harmonic they produce.
 ANY
QUESTIONS?
THANK
YOU!!!