Plastic Surgery-2

Plastic Surgery
By: Rawan Zahra

Optometry Student
Content:
• Definition
• What can plastic surgery be used for
• Techniques used
• Advantages
• Complications
• Ophthalmic plastic & reconstructive surgery
• Before & After examples
• References
Definition:
The word "plastic" comes from the ancient Greek word plastikos, which
means to mold or give form. By definition, plastic surgery is a surgical
specialty involved with the reconstruction and repairing of facial and body
tissue defects caused by illnesses, trauma, infections, developmental
abnormalities, congenital anomalies or tumors. Thus, the main aim of plastic
surgery is to restore the function and the appearance of tissue and skin so
it's as close to normal as possible.
Plastic surgery can be used to repair:
• Congenital anomalies (Birth disorders):
Cleft lip Cleft palate Cleft lip with cleft palate
Webbed fingers Deformed ears

Plastic surgery can be used to repair:
• Areas of the skin, due to skin cancer, scars, burns, birthmarks,...
• Maxillofacial (the facial skeleton)

Plastic Surgery Techniques:
Some of the techniques used during plastic surgery are:
• Skin Grafts: where healthy skin from an unaffected area of the body is
removed and used to replace lost or damaged skin.
• Skin Flap Surgery: where a piece of tissue from one part of the body is
transferred to another, along with the blood vessels that keep it alive; it's
called flap surgery because the healthy tissue usually remains partially
attached to the body while it's repositioned.
• Tissue Expansion: where surrounding tissue is stretched to enable the body

Plastic Surgery Techniques:
As well as these techniques, plastic surgeons also use many other methods,
such as:
• Fat transfer or grafting: where fat is removed from one area and inserted in another area,
usually to correct unevenness
• Vacuum closure: where suction is applied to a wound through a sterile piece of foam or
gauze to draw out fluid and encourage healing
• Camouflage make-up or cream
• Prosthetic devices, such as artificial limbs

Advantages:
Stages of melanoma
There are a number of benefits that come along with plastic surgery, some are:
• A Better Way of Life: If the patients were recently involved in an accident or
received any trauma to their body and undergo a reconstruction surgery, they will
be able to do things they used to before their condition.
• A Better Self-Esteem: If the patients’ self-esteem has suffered because of an
accident, disease, or condition, they can get it back to a high ten with a
reconstructive surgery.
• Improved Function: Depending on the area of their body that is being treated,
plastic surgery can help improve body’s ability to function like normal. For
instance, a patient with melanoma on his face will be discouraged from spending
time out in the sun, but by removing this skin cancer, he can get back to his
normal activities.
Complications:
Some complications associated with reconstructive plastic surgery may include,
but are not limited to, the following:
• Pain and fatigue (tiredness & discomfort)

• Anesthesia problems
• Bleeding
• Blood clots
• Infection
• Difficulty in wound healing
• Bruising
Complications:
Risk of complications may increase if a patient smokes or has:
• Connective-tissue damage
• Skin damage from radiation therapy
• Decreased circulation at the surgery site
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
• An impaired immune system
• Poor nutritional habits
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery:
Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, often referred to as oculoplastic
surgery, is plastic surgery focused on the structures surrounding the eye, including
the eyelids, orbit, lacrimal system, forehead, and midface area.
Besides, there is a wide range of conditions and issues that can affect the eye and
surrounding areas, both in regards to aesthetics and the function of the eye itself.
This can include damage to the eye and facial areas after an injury, tumors, the
effects of aging, and certain pediatric eye conditions that are present from birth or
shortly after. Ophthalmic plastic surgery provides these patients with the
opportunity to correct these problems, maintain their
vision, and benefit improved confidence, self-esteem,
Some examples of Oculoplastic surgery:
Some examples of plastic surgery:
References:
• https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&
contentid=
P01131
• https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/plastic-surgery/#:~:text=Plastic%20surgery%20ca
n%20be%20used,burns%20or%20other%20serious%
20injuries
• https://rochesterplasticsurgery.com/3-benefits-reconstructive-surgery/
• https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-treatments/r/reconstructive-plastic-surge
ry/complications.
html
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11029-reconstructive-surgery
• https://dmei.org/services-specialties/ophthalmic-plastic-reconstructive-surgery/#
:~:text=Ophthalmic%20plastic%20and%20reconstructive%20surgery%2C%20ofte
n%20referred%20to%20as%20oculoplastic,%2C%20forehead%2C%20and%20mid

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Plastic Surgery

By: Rawan Zahra

Webbed fingers Deformed ears

• Maxillofacial (the facial skeleton)

• Tissue Expansion: where surrounding tissue is stretched to enable the body

• Camouflage make-up or cream

• Prosthetic devices, such as artificial limbs

• Pain and fatigue (tiredness & discomfort)

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