RA4120-60A

LTE RPESS
LTE FDD Link Budget

© Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Index
 LTE/EPC Overview
 LTE Air Interface
 Air Interface Overheads
 RRM overview
 LTE Link Budget
 Radio Planning – Coverage Planning Cell Range
 Radio Planning – Capacity
 LTE Performance Simulations
 Nokia LTE Solution
 Initial Parameters Planning

5 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 Module Objectives
•After completing this module, the participant will be able to:
• Calculate link budget for different bit rates
• Describe link budgets and parameters
• Describe planning margins

6 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 Coverage Dimensioning .
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
7 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Introduction
- Link Budget is the basis of coverage dimensioning, aiming to calculate UL / DL maximum allowed path loss
(MAPL) for a certain type of service.
- With the MAPL and a suitable propagation model, which can be generally seen as a function about path loss (PL)
and distance between UE and eNB, average cell coverage radius can be calculated.
- With cell coverage radius, radio network planners can easily figure up the site coverage area and site count for
given area. That’s the target of coverage dimensioning.

Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs:

Service type
Target service probability
Initial site configuration
Equipment performance
Propagation environment Coverage Area
CA Range

8 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Link budget

• Target of the Link Budget calculation: estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radio path from transmit antenna to
receive antenna
• The minimum SINR requirement is achieved with the maximum allowed path loss and transmit power both in
UL & DL
• The maximum allowed Path Loss can be used to calculate cell range

Tx Power
+ Gains
– Losses/Margins
– Path Loss Lmax_UL Lmax_DL
 minimum required Rx Power
 max. Path Loss Lmax

Range
9 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Coverage Dimensioning .
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
10 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 RAN Dimensioning Tool

•Within NSN, the java based RAN Dimensioning tool is used to evaluate link budgets for coverage planning proposes.

11 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Coverage Dimensioning .
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
12 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
LTE DL Link Budget
General Parameters
Assumptions:
• Operating Band
– 3GPP TS 36.104 specifies 23 operating
bands for FDD
– Defined by customer
• Flexi RF Unit
• 8, 20, 40, 60 and 80W options
• UE Power Class
• Class 3 default, 23 dBm for LTE UE
• Channel Bandwidth
– 3GPP TS 36.104 specifies values of 1.4, 3,
5, 10, 15 & 20 MHz
– Defined by customer.

13 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

LTE DL Link Budget
Operating Band
– For simplicity only the main centre frequencies Frequency band Band Index
(e.g. 1700, 2100, 2600 ...) are considered for the 450MHz Band 31
link budget calculation APT700 Band 28
– It is also assumed that there is no bandwidth 730 MHz Band 12 & 17
separation between UL & DL
750 MHz Band 13
Channel Bandwidth 760 MHz Band 14
– The bandwidth configuration impacts factors 800 MHz Band 20
such as Thermal Noise, overhead ratio & total 850 MHz Band 5 ,6 ,19 & 27
cell throughput. The wider the working band is, 900 MHz Band 8
the better the network performance (max. peak
1600 MHz Band 24
rate & cell throughput) is.
1800 MHz Band 3 & 9
1900 MHz Band 2
1700/2100 MHz Band 4 & 10
2100 MHz Band 1
2600 MHZ Band 7
3.5GHz Band 22

14 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0 New at RL60

Coverage Dimensioning .
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
15 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Features
Enable appropriate features;
• MIMO- OL and CL
• IRC - Interference Rejection
Combination
• DL Power boosting for RS
• 4 way Rx Diversity
• Increased UL MCS
• Interference aware UL Power control
• DL Carrier Aggregation
• EPS bearer for voice (QCI1)
• Support QCI 2,3,4
• UL intra eNB CoMP
• RoHC – Robust header compression
• TTI Bundling
• OTDOA – Observed time difference on
arrival
• Flexi lite – 1 sector per site

The features selected affect the link budget and or capacity / coverage calculations
16 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 DL Carrier Aggregation

• Feature in RAN Dim tool can be activated by selecting proper checkbox and defining feature-specific
parameters in Features configuration tab:
• Secondary Component Carrier operating band
• Secondary Component Carrier channel bandwidth

Feature activation in RAN Dim tool is

done by selecting proper checkbox

There have to be configured

additional feature-specific
parameters

17 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

DL Carrier Aggregation

CA principles P.Cell and S.Cell data transmission

• A regular cell is paired with additional logical cell
serving the same site sector. PRIMARY
CELL
• this dependency could be bi-directional,
SECONDARY
this first cell could serve as secondary cell CELL
• PCell and SCell have to be collocated BR
, UL
-G
on
• RL50 supports inter-band CA only R,
DL
n
n-
GB
R

L GB L no
• RL60 starts with selected intra-band CA CA capable UE D D

• only non-GBR data could be sent via Scell

• all CA configured cells serve simultaneously CA
UEs and also regular, non-CA Ues Carrier 1, P.Cell

• there is no CA in the uplink direction Carrier 2, S.Cell

18 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 DL Carrier Aggregation
Downlink data rates of up to 300Mbps
Downlink carrier aggregation - 40 MHz (RL60)
Challenges The two component carriers can have different MIMO settings, e.g.
• Fragmented spectrum availability with Operators (multiple bands) • 2x2 MIMO + 2x2 MIMO
• Higher throughput / Capacity required to cater exponential growth in mobile broadband traffic • 4x2 MIMO + 2x2 MIMO
• High churn due low peak data rate
• 4x2 MIMO + 4x2 MIMO

Motivation, Benefits
• Doubling the DL peak data rates to 300 Mbps LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
• Very fast load balancing between carriers (on TTi level)
• A mix of carrier aggregation UEs and non-carrier aggregation UEs are supported in downlink
• All HO types are supported between CA and Non-CA cells
• ARPU increase due to higher data package prices Primary Band A 150Mbps
• Mitigates the challenge of fragmented spectrum Comp. 20 MHz Carrier
Carrier Aggre- 300Mbps
Secondar Band B gation 40 MHz
• The downlink carrier aggregation is applied for
y 20 MHz
• UEs with the related UE capabilities and 150Mbps
Comp.
• UEs having only non GBR e-RABs established Carrier
• UE’s are admitted based on the primary component carrier (PCC) admission control
settings
• The mobility for carrier aggregation configured UE’s is based on PCC measurements (HO
works with one carrier PCC)
• UE’s with an activated SCC are scheduled by separate and coordinated downlink LTE1332- Downlink carrier aggregation - 40 MHz
schedulers
• Both Inter band and Intra band combination is possible.
19 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 DL Carrier Aggregation
RL60 embodiment of Carrier Aggregation functionality
• Primary improvements coming with RL60 LTE1332 feature:

• Additional cell bandwidth combinations are supported on top of RL50 band • Support for additional band combinations is provided:
combinations:

5 MHz + 15 MHz band 1 + band 7 band 4 + band 17

5 MHz + 20 MHz 20 MHz band 2 + band 4 band 5 + band 7 2.6 G
10 MHz + 15 MHz band 2 + band 5 band 7 + band 20
10 MHz + 20 MHz band 2 + band 17 band 4 + band 12

Hz
15 MHz + 15 MHz band 3 + band 3 band 3 + band 28

M
15 MHz + 20 MHz 20 MHz band 3 + band 7 band 4 + band 7

40
20 MHz + 20 MHz band 3 + band 20 band 7 + band 7 1.8 G
band 4 + band 4

RL60 extends maximum possible aggregated

bandwidth from 20 MHz (RL50 LTE 1089) to
40 MHz
Note that RL60 provides also support for
certain intra-band carrier aggregation options
– this support was not in place in RL50

20 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 UL Intra eNodeB CoMP
Improving the cell capacity and the cell edge performance
Uplink intra eNodeB CoMP
Challenges It improves the cell capacity and the cell edge performance by taking uplink information from
• How to Improve the end user experience in UL with cell capacity and the cell edge performance neighbor cells into account
e.g. social networking, e-mailing etc.
• Cell edge throughput increase with improved end user experience.
• Better service quality for with Release 8 UE's
Field trial results:
Benefits
• In example case with 7500 cells and 1520 thsd. users (average) churn cost could be reduced by
700 kEUR p.a. and revenue could be improved by 1120 kEUR p.a. due to better end user
experience and upsell of upgraded tariff plans (4Y)
• Slighly positive impact on churn and revenue due to better end user experience and upsell of
upgraded tariff plans
• 18% Cell edge throughput increase
• 6% Uplink capacity improvement
• Payback time 13 month
• Uplink intra eNode B CoMP functionality is applied for cells with 2RX paths
• eNode B selects automatically based on uplink SINR measurement per UE and per TTI the Average UL MCS
most suitable neighbor cell out of the CoMP candidate set which is applied for the PUSCH
•
CoMP on: 10.85
The CoMP candidate set, i.e. which neighbor cell shall be considered for the selection, is CoMP off: 4.28
operator configurable
• LTE979 IRC for 2 RX paths (FDD) or LTE936 IRC for 2 RX paths (TDD)needs to be LTE1402- Uplink intra eNode B CoMP
enabled
• Does not requires dark fiber backhaul to single baseband module

21 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 Interference-aware Uplink Power Control
• Interference-aware UL Power Control improves overall system
capacity by better management of the UE power:
- Maximized UE throughput with proportional fair scheduler
- Improved average and cell-edge throughput
• The feature is intended to the interference limited scenarios only,
therefore the gains apply only for ISD500 scenario
• The gains used in the RAN Dim obtained from system-level
simulations
- Open Loop Power Control (OLPC) results were compared to
LTE1336 gain CUS CAS IAS
LTE1336 using various schedulers: Channel Aware/Unaware and
Interference-aware Scheduler Cell edge 35% 30% -11%

Average cell
• Please note that these metrics are always subject of cell edge cell throughput
20% 15% 14%

average optimization using parameters introduced by the feature

22 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Coverage Dimensioning .
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
23 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 • Tx. Power per Antenna
Transmitting - Typical value: 43dBm (20W)
• Antenna TX Gain
– Antenna gain changes with the antenna type and
frequency band
– For DL 18dBi + possible
• For UL typically assumed to be 0 dBi
• For UL data card 2 dBi possible
• Feeder Loss
• Feederless solution considered
• Body Loss
• On Transmitting applied to UL
• 2-3 dB for VoIP users & 0 dB for data users
• TMA Insertion Loss
• Tower Mast Amplifier TMA: Pre-Amplifier for UL
receive path Typical 0.5 dB
• Total TX power Increase
EIRP = Tx. Power per Antenna + Antenna • Tx power increase caused by multi-antenna
Gain - Cable Loss - Body Loss - TMA configurations
Insertion Loss + Total Power Increase • EIRP
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power from the transmit
antenna.

24 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Transmitting
Tx. Power per Antenna Connector

• Depends on the Flexi Radio Module selected

• Typically 8, 20, 40, 60 & 80 Watts
• 8, 40, 60 & 80W are SW licensed
• In case of transmit diversity techniques like MIMO the power could be
increased with 3dB in DL Flexi RRH

Flexi multiradio BTS provides high radio downlink output

power when using Flexi 3-sector RF module with the total of
210w power amplifiers, or RRH.

Flexi RF Module

25 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Transmitting
Antenna Gain
• Proportional to the physical size, signal frequency and antenna vertical & horizontal beamwidth
• Large size & High frequency  Narrow beam  High gain
• BTS Antennas vary in frequencies, sizes & configuration
- smaller antenna beam  higher Antenna Gain
- larger size (e.g. 1m  2 m)  higher Antenna Gain (at same frequency)
- lower frequency  lower Antenna Gain
• Typical values:
• 3 dBi for omni directional antenna (small one, ceiling mounted)
• 8 dBi for typical directional panel antenna (wall mounted)
• 17 dBi for direction high gain panel antenna with narrow beam width (wall mounted)
– UL 0dB

26 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 Feeder loss
•Feeder Loss
•is the sum of all signal losses caused by the antenna line outside the base
station cabinet
- Jumper losses
- Feeder cable loss
- MHA (or TMA) insertion loss in DL when MHA is used
• Typical 0.5 dB
• No MHA is used with Feederless solution*

Typical values for the cable loss:

- 0.4 dB with Feederless solution* (jumper losses only)
- 2 dB feeder solution w/o TMA
- 2.4 dB if feeders with TMA used (2 dB feeders + 0.4dB additional
jumpers for TMA) + 0.5dB MHA Insertion loss

- * in the case of feederless solution the Flexi RF Module is

mounted closed to the antenna. There is only a jumper cable
connection between the RF module and the antenna system
27 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Total TX power Increase

- Total TX power Increase

• Tx power increase caused by multi-antenna configurations
• It is automatically set to 3 dB when 2Tx-2Rx scheme is chosen in DL. The 3 dB gain is
caused by the doubling of the Tx power when adding the 2nd power amplifier.
• The ‘required SINR’ figures include only the transmit diversity gain. Therefore the total
Tx power increase reflects the 3 dB gain due to the duplication of the Tx amplifiers

28 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Coverage Dimensioning .
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
29 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Receiving
• TMA - if enable automatically adds 0.5 dB loss
• Feeder Loss
• For UL feeder loss is same as DL loss
• Antenna Gain
• For UL apply the eNb antenna gain
• Noise Figure
• depends on the receiver equipment design
and represents the additive noise
generated by various HW components
• Typical 7dB for the UE
• for Flexi-BTS default values: 2.2 dB (w/o
MHA) / 2 dB (with MHA)
• Body Loss
• on Receiving applied to the DL

30 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Coverage Dimensioning .

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel

31 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

System Overhead
• # of PRBs per TTI
• Dependent on Sys BW
• Cyclic Prefix
• Normal / Extended
• # of OFDM symbols / SF
• Dependent on cyclic prefix
• # of PDCCH symbols
• Amount of signalling per SF
• # of PRBs for PUCCH
• Typical PUCCH usage per SF.
Dependent on Sys BW, between 2
and 8
• RACH density
• Number of PRACH repetitions per
radio frame.
• Ref Signal
• Cell specific Ref Signal, dependent
on Ant config.
• PSS/SSS
• Primary and Secondary Sync
32 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0 Signals
System Overhead • PBCH/ PRACH
• PBCH resources on DL, fixed value
but % varies with BW.
• PDCCH
• DL and UL signalling in %.
• Sounding
• SRS for Channel aware Scheduling.
• PUSCH UCI
• Signalling carried on UL in PUSCH
when scheduled instead of
PUCCH.
• OTDOA
• Number of PRBs used for PRS
(positioning Ref sig), note: user data
not multiplexed with PRBs
containing PRS.
• Additional OH
• Used to account for any other OH,
such as higher layer protocol
headers.
33 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Coverage Dimensioning
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel

34 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 • Modulation
Capacity • Set modulation to optimize (or manual)
• Service type
• Switch between Data user and Voip user
• Cell Edge User Throughput
• The minimum net user throughput that shall be
supported for a single UE at the cell edge with a
certain probability.
• VoIP Packet segmentation
• Relates to feature Controlled uplink packet
segmentation (LTE671)
• 1 = packet not segmented
• 2 = packet divided into 2
• Uplink TTI bundling
• – TTI Bundling feature allows transmitting a
single transport block in space of four
consecutive UL subframes, which leads to
increased energy per transmitted bit and
therefore, improved uplink link budget. More
robust transmission scheme leads to reduction
of PDCCH traffic
35 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 LTE DL Link Budget
Cell Edge User Throughput [kbps]
• Target throughput requirement to be achieved at the cell edge; minimum net single UE throughput requirement
• Determines the service that can be provided at the cell border
• It can limit the MCS (Modulation & Coding Scheme) to be used
• Normally customer requirement

In LTE the scheduling is done on a per sub-frame basis: 180KHz in frequency domain and 1ms in time domain ---
PRB pair.
For each time interval the scheduler controls which resources will be allocated to which users (considering the
buffer status, pending retransmissions, ...) HARQ retransmissions and Signaling Radio Bearers (SRB) have a higher
priority than the first transmission for data radio bearers.
The frequency domain scheduler takes into account the channel conditions for every user and makes the best
possible assignment. It applies in DL "throughput-to-average" and "proportional-fair-scheduled“ (LNCEL:
dlsFdAlg). In UL "Round robin" and "exhaustive FD scheduler" is used (LNCEL: ulsFdPrbAssignAlg).

36 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 UL coverage gains with TTI Bundling
• TTI Bundling gain is introduced by the energy collected from additional transport blocks with assumed service delay
budget
– UE transmits the TB over four consecutive pre-scheduled TTIs – each transmission is performed with different
redundancy version for more effective combining at eNB

Classical
transmis
sion
8ms RTT
TTI
Bundling
16ms RTT

TTI bundling gain  10  log(12 / 7)  2.34dB

• Assuming 53ms delay budget there can be received one additional bundle transmission leading to 3.59 dB gain
comparing to classical dimensioning with 8ms HARQ RTT and 50ms delay budget
– this value i.e. 3.59 dB is used in the RAN_Dim when TTI Bundling is used in the calculations → see next
slides for more details
37 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 TTI Bundling in RAN_Dim
• TTI Bundling is supported in the RAN_Dim tool
– number of TB transmissions in the TTI Bundling mode is fixed to 16 (1st transmission + 3 retransmissions)
which gives the 3.59 dB gain in the UL coverage

TTI Bundling taken into

account during dimensioning

Gain from the TTI Bundling

38 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 TTI Bundling in RAN_Dim

• TTI Bundling is supported in the RAN_Dim tool

Non-TTI Bundling TTI Bundling

Upon activation of the TTI

Bundling, allowable path loss in
UL transmission is increased (in
comparison to the non-bundling
scenario)

39 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 • Residual BLER
Capacity • 10% for Data and 2% for VoIP.
• DL Resource block Size
• 1 for NSN.
• Limit UL Resource Block group size
• Enabled.
• # PRBs per User
• PRBs consumed by single user
• Channel Usage per TTI
• Percentage of PRBs used by a single cell-edge
user. Used to calculate FDPS gain.
• Transport Block Size for PDSCH/ PUSCH
• Number of User bits sent in a TTI
• Modulation efficiency
• Bits per modulated symbol
• ME = TBS / (#PRB x (1-overhead) x 2 x
#RE_per_PRB)
• Effective coding rate
• Coding rate applied to PDSCH/PUSCH
• ECR = TBS / (#PRB x (1-overhead) x 2 x
40 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
#RE_per_PRB x ModOrder)
Coverage Dimensioning
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
41 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
Channel
• Channel Model
• The SINR is based on link level simulations
results which are available for:
• Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05) valid
for low speed mobiles in general, i.e. 3
Km/h at 1800 MHZ (5Hz Doppler)
• Enhanced Typical Urban (ETU70) valid for
higher speed mobiles
• Antenna configuration
• Number of Tx and Rx Antennas used in UL
DL
• Tx/RX Algorithm
• DL- OL – SFBC and CL with PMI
• UL- IRC or MRC
• Frequency Scheduler
• DL – Channel Aware
• UL- Channel Aware/ Channel unaware

42 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Channel

• PDSCH Power Penalty when DL boosting

• PDSCH power penalty caused by boosting
of Cell Specific Reference Signal.
• Number of Users per TTI
• Defines the maximum number of users
which can be scheduled in the frequency
domain in a single TTI.
• Frequency Scheduling gain
• Added gain from FDPS.
• 2dB gain for SINR will be considered
independent on the channel usage

43 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Number of Users per TTI

Maximum Number of Users per TTI depends on System Bandwidth

Bandwidth [MHz] Maximum number of users per TTI

1.4 1 (strong signaling limitation)

3 3 (strong signaling limitation)
5 7
10 10
15 15
20 20

44 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

Channel • Required SINR
• For DL-
• Based on link level simulations.
• For UL -
• Same decision sequence as in the DL .
• Based on link level simulations .
• Differences in UL coming from different
MCS allocation strategy .
• Coding Rate Offset
• Internal tool alignment parameter for overhead
• Required SINR at Cell Edge
• Calculated considering the Frequency scheduling
gain, the HARQ gain and the Coding Rate Offset.
• Maximum SINR at Cell Edge
• Used for the calculation of the Interference
Margin. Value derived from SINR CDF that has
been generated from System Level simulations.

45 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

SINR: Signal-to-Interference + Noise Ratio
SINR: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
• Minimum relation between useful signal and sum of interferences coming from own and neighboring
cells and the received noise power

S
SINR 
I own  I oth  N

- S : useful signal (received power)

- Iown : own cell interference (close to zero in LTE due to the orthogonality of subcarriers)
- Ioth : other cell interference
- N : noise power
• In LTE the PDSCH “required SINR” replaces the “required Eb/No” of the UMTS Rel. 99 DCH Link
Budget; Eb/No is not helpful in case of Fast Link Adaptation
• SINR requirement is practically obtained from link level simulations, which depend on channel model,
MIMO scheme, BLER requirement.

46 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 SINR distribution
The simulation scenarios and
parameters are provided in
3GPP TR25.814
Bandwidth = 2000MHz
Speed = 3Km/h

Macro Case 1 – Inter-site

distance = 500m

Macro Case 3 – Inter-site

distance = 1732m

Cell load is 100% which is

affecting the inter-cell
interference

CDF = Cumulative Distribution Function

*Source: "LTE Downlink Performance Results with Time-Domain Scheduling - Using UPRISE" by Klaus I Pedersen et al.
47 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
 Required SINR
• In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain average required SINR is needed
• Required SINR depends on:
• Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Cell Edge User Throughput
Based on the Cell Edge Throughput the number of allocated PRBs and the MCS could be defined  see next slides
•
• OFDM specific channel models
• Channel model is a way to consider UE mobility and environment in the link budget calculation
• 2 main groups of channel models are available:
– Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05) valid for low speed mobiles in general, i.e. 3 Km/h at 1800 MHz (5Hz Doppler)
– Enhanced Typical Urban (ETU70) valid for higher speed mobiles
• Considered Antenna Scheme for the DL:
•1Tx – 2Rx; 2TX – 2RX Transmit Diversity ; 2TX – 2RX Spatial Multiplexing (not expected at cell edge)
• L1 overhead of the physical channels
• The impact is the reduced number of resource blocks which could be used for user data
- Scheduling gain
 see next slides
48 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0
MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme
PRB: Physical Resource Block
DL Required SINR decision sequence (1/7)
STEP 1 for the required SINR decision: STEP 1 for required
Input: SINR decision
• Cell Edge User Throughput
• The target cell edge throughput is used to select the least robust
MCS with good balance of coverage & resource consumption Cell Edge
Throughput BLER MCS
of the air interface
• BLER at first HARQ retransmission
• Assumption: to be 10% for the first HARQ retransmission, i.e.
10% probability to complete 1 or more retransmissions
• The actual effect is the increase of the cell edge throughput
#RBs =
TBS =
Number of
Transport
• MCS = Modulation & Coding Scheme Resource
Block Size
• 3GPP TS 36.211 specifies QPSK, 16QAM & 64QAM for the DL Blocks
• Affects the amount of resources that will be used for user data

Output: TBS (Transport Block Size) & Number of Required RBs (Resource Blocks) – see next slide

49 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0

 DL Required SINR decision sequence (2/7) DL MCSs
MCS_index MCS Mod order ITBS
0 QPSK 2 0
TBS set 1 QPSK 2 1
- Number of user data bits transmitted to single user during 1 TTI (1ms) 2 QPSK 2 2
3 QPSK 2 3
- The TB occupies 2 PRBs in time domain 4 QPSK 2 4
5 QPSK 2 5
• 3GPP TS 36.213 specifies tables to: 6 QPSK 2 6
- link the MCS Index -> Modulation Order (modulation type) and TBS 7 QPSK 2 7
8 QPSK 2 8
Index 9 QPSK 2 9
- link the TBS Index -> Transport Block Size (TBS) for a specific number of 10 16QAM 4 9
11 16QAM 4 10
PRBs 12 16QAM 4 11
13 16QAM 4 12
• MCS index - from 0 to 28 14 16QAM 4 13
• it is decided by the scheduler which should translate a specific CQI in an MCS 15 16QAM 4 14
16 16QAM 4 15
index 17 64QAM 6 15
18 64QAM 6 16
• ITBS = TBS index 19 64QAM 6 17
• The TBS Index is mapped to a specific TBS size for a specific #PRBs 20 64QAM 6 18
21 64QAM 6 19
• Uses a different table (3GPP TS 36.213) 22 64QAM 6 20
• See next slide for an example 23 64QAM 6 21
24 64QAM 6 22
25 64QAM 6 23
26 64QAM 6 24
27 64QAM 6 25
28 64QAM 6 26
MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme
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PRB: Physical Resource Block
DL Required SINR decision sequence (3/7)
• Example for the identification of the Number of PRBs per User and the Transport Block Size
(TBS) • Assumptions: Only a subset of the complete table
• Required cell edge throughput = 384Kbps (3GPP TS 36.213 specifies 110 columns)
• MCS = 10-16QAM

MCS = 10-16QAM  TBS_index = 9

Air Interface User Throughput =
= 384 / (100% - 10%) = 427 kbps
…search for TBS in ITBS9 ≥ Air Interface User Throughput
#RB_used = 3  TBS = 456 bits
456 bits/TTI = 456 bits/1 ms = 456 kbps ≥ 427 kbps
Conclusion: # RB used= 3

Identifies the number of Resource Blocks (RB) required to achieve the target Cell
Edge User Throughput
Uses the already defined MCS to identify the appropriate row within the
transport block size table
The target Cell Edge User Throughput is used to determine the minimum
transport block size requirement

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DL Required SINR decision sequence (4/7) STEP 2 for required
SINR decision
- STEP 2 for the required SINR decision:
- The selected MCS & #PRBs from Step 1 is
associated with a defined Required SINR
- The actual SINR requirement is obtained from link
level simulations
- Several look-up tables results are available for
several cases:
• Specific channel models (EPA 5Hz & ETU70Hz
channel models)
• Different SINR requirements are specified for
different antenna schemes (1TX – 2RX or 2TX –
2RX)
• Block Error Rate BLER typical 10%
Example:
- In the SINR look-up table result the SINR is a
function of : SINR table for the case DL 2Tx-2Rx, EPA 5Hz Channel Model, BLER =
10%
• MCS = Modulation and Coding Scheme
EPA 5Hz  Doppler frequency=5Hz for 1800MHz and 3km/h
• Number of RBs

Conditions for the table --- EPA5Hz + 2×2MIMO + 10%BLER

52 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0 EPA: Enhanced Pedestrian A, ETU: Enhanced Typical Urban.
DL Required SINR decision sequence (5/7)

The selection of MCS is a trade-off between coverage & resource utilization:

The more robust the selected MCS (e.g. 0-QPSK) the lower the allowed required SINR which is improving
the coverage. But on the same time the higher the resource consumption (42 PRBs out of 50 for 10 MHz
bandwidth for 1024Kbps) which leaves less resources for the rest of the scheduled users.

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 DL Required SINR decision sequence (7/7) STEP 3 for required SINR decision

STEP 3 for required SINR decision: DL FDPS Gain (dB)

Channel usage per
• Consider additional SINR improvements features like FDPS (Frequency Domain Packet single UE
Gain (dB)
10.00% 3,71
Scheduling) 11.11% 3,64
• System level simulations are used to show the gain of Proportional Fair algorithm in DL over 12.50% 3,53
14.29% 3,41
Round Robin (see the table) 16,67% 3,25
• The table could be read as follows: when UE occupies 100% of resources there is no gain from 20.00% 2,93
25.00% 2,52
particular scheduling strategy because RRM cannot play with frequency resources. 33.33% 2,11
50.00% 1,68
100.00% 0

The more UEs could be scheduled in the same TTI (that means less resource allocation per user), the more certain gain can be observed.
Example:
Cell edge Throughput is 1024Kbps, Number of allocated PRBs per user is selected to be 13 out of 50 available in 10 MHz (for MCS = 5-
QPSK)
The channel usage per TTI of the user is 26%. Thus, Required SINR = 1,11 dB(Required SINR from table) – 2,47 dB (FDPS gain for 26%
channel usage) = -1,36dB
The larger the amount of resources (subcarriers) available for the scheduling of a single user, the higher the chance to avoid channel
quality gaps
For example when 50 PRBs are available (10MHz bandwidth) and 10 full user buffer UEs are scheduled per TTI then it results 5 PRBs
per user that is 10% of resources allocated per UE.

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UL Required SINR

The selection of MCS in UL is a trade-off between a lower required SINR value and the number of allocated PRBs per UE:
UE output power is shared between the subcarriers assigned for transmission.
The smaller the number of used subcarriers the higher is the power per subcarrier so the higher the coverage. On the other hand, lower
number of PRBs per UE (lower number of subcarriers) requires a higher order MCS - increasing the required SINR.
In this case, despite of a higher required SINR, a greater cell range could be obtained due to the accumulation of the total power on
less PRBs used for the transmission.

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Channel
• Cell Load
• Average Resource Utilisation.
• Assumed to be 50%.
• Defined by the customer.
• Interference Margin DL
• Depends on the neighbor cell
interference.
• Frequency reuse 1 will be used.
• Higher reuse schemes are possible
but there is no significant gain in
network performance.
• Interference Margin UL
• Based on system level simulations
(analytical formula like in DL isn’t
trivial because of the interference
nature in UL which is more
complex due to UE mobility).

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Cell Load
Cell Load [%]
- Cell load represents the average resource utilization in terms of PRBs
• It accounts for the average load of the system over longer time period (minutes, hours,...)
• For the link budget calculation, which is a single cell-edge user case to estimate maximum possible
coverage, cell load reflects the average neighbour load but it does not impact own cell resource allocation
• In other words a cell edge user occupying 100% resources per TTI (100% of PRBs) does not mean 100%
load (i.e. over long time period)

- Affects the Interference Margin (IM)

• Higher cell load means higher interference from the neighbour cells
• High neighbour cell load increases the IM that in terms reduces the MAPL*
• High neighbour cell load limits the possibility of selecting high MCS
- Recommended value: 50% (subject to change)
- Customer may provide this value

57 © Nokia 2014 - RA41206EN60GLA0 *MAPL = Maximum Allowed Path Loss

DL Interference Margin
Interference margin IM
• Interference Margin can be defined as a relation between signals received with & without interference

S/N
IM 
S /( I own  I other  N )

– S: useful signal (received power)

– Iown: own cell interference ( 0 in LTE due to the orthogonality of subcarriers)
– Ioth: other cell interference
– N: noise power

• 100% orthogonality could be assumed in UL & DL due to OFDM & SC-FDMA so that the Intra-cell
interference is close to zero
• The only interference which counts is the Inter-cell interference
• DL Interference Margin could be derived analytically
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Interference Margin
Downlink (simulation for 10MHz BW)

By selecting high neighbour cell load we are

limiting to the usage of low ( robust) MCS since
for higher MCS the IM increases a lot.

IM as a function of Neighbour Cell Load for different MCS and cell Edge User
Throughputs

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 Interference Margin
Uplink
- Uplink Interference Margin
• Currently obtained from system level simulations. Due to the non-deterministic characteristic of
uplink interferences it is difficult to make a mathematical model (like in downlink)
• It is a function of cell load

IM as a function of Cell Load

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Channel • # of Rx’d Subcarriers
• The number of OFDM subcarriers that are
utilized in the entire configured OFDM
frequency band. For Rx sensitivity
calculation.
• Thermal Noise
• For UL -only RBs considered which are
allocated for UL transmission (1RB for
64Kbps, 15RBs for 384Kbps, 27 RBs for
1024 Kbps)
• Receiver Sensitivity
• Represents the signal level that is required
at the antenna port of the receiver to be
able to achieve acceptable quality level in
receiving
• DL Ref Signal
• RSRP is purely DL calculation but is also
placed in the UL part of link budget – that
means that RSRP value is still calculated
for DL but contains the MAPL value that
was calculated for UL link. This is used to
indicate the RSRP value on the cell edge
also for UL limited scenarios.
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 Thermal Noise Calculation
Thermal Noise = kB x T x B
Where:
• kB = Boltzmann’s constant, 1.38 E-23 Ws/K
• T = Receiver temperature, 293 K
Single RB bandwidth
• B = Bandwidth

ThermalNoise  174dBm / Hz  10  log(15kHz 12# RB )

Receiver bandwidth

#RB is the Number of Physical Resource Blocks 10 log (kB *T) = -174dBm/Hz is the Thermal Noise Density not
• DL: all available in the channel bandwidth
considering the bandwidth impact
• UL: only those RBs allocated for transmission
Example:
OFDMA / SC-FDMA For 10MHz there are 50 RBs in DL
Thermal noise = -174dBm/Hz + 10log(15 * 1000 * 12 * 50) =
DL: OFDM receiver looks at the whole bandwidth, thus all available Resource
= -174 dBm/Hz + 69,54 dB=
Blocks should be considered.
= -104.45dBm
UL: SC-FDMA receiver looks only at the allocated bandwidth, thus not all but
only assigned Resource Blocks are assumed in sensitivity formula.

Thermal noise density: 10*log (kT) in dBm, where k:1.38e-23 Joules/Kelvin; T:300 Kelvin
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Coverage Dimensioning
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
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Propagation • Clutter Type
• Typical: dense urban, urban, suburban, rural.
• Impact on propagation parameters like slow fading margin
or building penetration loss.
• Building penetration loss BPL
• Loss for Indoor Coverage due to walls, etc.
• Clutter specific between 12 dB (Rural) and more than 20
dB (Urban / Dense Urban).
• Location Probability
• Area Location probability, giving the service probability of
connection.
• Applied values depend on clutter & area, vary from 85 –
95% .
• Standard deviation
• The standard deviation σ represents the dispersion of the
path loss or received power measured over the coverage
area.
• Clutter & area dependent; differing for Indoor / Outdoor;
varies from 5 - 12 dB.
• Shadowing Margin or Slow Fading Margin
• Often also denominated as “Log-normal Fading Margin”.
• Calculated from location probability and standard
deviation. Typical values for slow fading margins for 90-
95% coverage probability are: outdoor: 6 – 8 dB.

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Building penetration loss
- Signal levels from outdoor Base stations into buildings are estimated by applying a “Building Penetration Loss (BPL)” margin
- Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due to shadowing by building structures
• There are big differences between rooms with window and “deep indoor” (10 ..15 dB)

Typical values for BPL:

In-car/Rural 5… 10dB
signal level increases with floor
Dense Urban: 20…25 dB number :~1,5 dB/floor (for 1st ..10th
In building:
Urban: 15…20 dB floor)
Suburban: 10…15 dB

Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
rear side :
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
-18 ...-30 dB

-15 ...-25 dB no coverage

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Slow Fading Margin SFM / Shadowing Margin

- Slow Fading is caused by signal shadowing due to max. pathloss from max: pathloss from
obstructions on the radio path link budget link budget

- A cell with a range predicted from maximum pathloss

- Slow Fading
(without “Slow Fading Margin SFM) will have a Cell
Margin SFM
Area Coverage Probability of about 75 %
Pathloss prediction
• this means: Lot of coverage holes due to Pathloss prediction
model
shadowing model

- SFM is required in order to achieve higher coverage

Cell Range Cell Range
quality, better coverage probability
• Smaller cell, less coverage holes over cell area, Cell Area Coverage Cell Area Coverage
better coverage quality probability = 75 % probability > 75 %,
large coverage holes, bad i.e. less coverage holes,
coverage quality Better coverage quality;
but: smaller cells
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Slow fading margin SFM (Example)
• SFM values presented for the different Cell Edge & Cell Area Probabilities
• Jake’s formula used to convert Cell Area into Cell Edge Probability
• F: Factor to adapt SFM to required Cell Edge Probability SFM =  x F
• Standard deviation assumed to be 8 dB
Cell edge Factor F
probability for
in % calculation
of SFM
Cell Edge Cell Area
Factor F SFM 50 0.000
Probability Probability
55 0.126
50% 75% 0 0 dB 60 0.253
65 0.385
75% 90% 0.67 5.5 dB 70 0.524
75 0.674
84% 94% 1.00 8 dB 80 0.842
85 1.036
90% 97% 1.28 10 dB 90 1.282
95 1.645
95% 99% 1.65 13.2 dB 96 1.751
97 1.881
98 2.054
99 2.326

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Gain Against Shadowing
Gain Against Shadowing is considered at the cell edge
Also called multi server gain (because of multi-cell coverage probability)
For the previous calculation of the Shadowing Margin the key assumption was a single, isolated cell
However, if there are several cells providing coverage in an area then the probability of having enough field strength
increases
The Gain Against Shadowing reflects the possibility of switching to another cell available at a certain position

Example:
Assume that there are 2 cells providing coverage and both
cells are providing at the cell edge 50% location
probability (A = B =50% are the location probabilities for
the 2 cells)
If the assumption is that the signals from the cells are
uncorrelated then a joint probability could be calculated:
P = (A+B) – (A*B) = (50%+50%) – (50%*50%) = 75%

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Propagation • Maximum Allowable Path Loss (clutter considered
• This value is the target MAPL value of the
propagation related calculations.

• Propagation model
• COST231 1 slope, COST231 2 slope for outdoor.
• IUT-R P.1238, WINNERA1, COST231 Multi Wall
for indoor.

• Intercept point
• Transition point from slope 1 to slope 2 for
COST231 2 slope model. Typically at 1km.

• Slope 1,2
• Slope 1 represents the area closet the eNB and slope
2 the furthest.

• Clutter Correction factor

• Clutter factor for propagation model.

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