Lesson 9 Admixtures Mortars

Admixtures
Mortars
&
ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE
 are anything other than portland cement,
water, and aggregates that are added to a
concrete mix to modify its properties.
 Included in this definition are chemical

admixtures, mineral admixtures such as
fly ash and silica fume, corrosion
inhibitors, colors, fibers, and
miscellaneous (pumping aids,
dampproofing, gas forming, permeability-
reducing agents
Chemical Admixtures
 used un concrete generally serve as water
reducers, accelerators, set retarders, or a
combination.
Chemical Admixtures
Type F & G
 are used where there is a need for
high-workability concrete
 are especially useful for mixes with
a low water-cement ratio
 from a slump of 2 to 3 in, after the
admixture is added, the slump
may be in the range of 8 to 10 in
without segregation of mix
components.
*High range admixtures reduce the amount of water

needed to produce a concrete of a specific consistency
by 12% or more.
Chemical Admixtures
Water-Reducing Admixtures
 allows cement content to be
decreased without loss of strength
 allows the amount of mixing water
to be reduced while maintaining
the same mix slump
*The combination of admixtures used in a concrete mix
should be carefully evaluated and tested to ensure that the
desired properties are achieved.
Mineral Admixture
 Fly ashes, pozzolans and microsilicates
 Natural cement is sometimes used as an
admixture
Chemical Admixtures
Super Plasticilizers
 are high range water-reducing admixtures.

 Used to achieve high strength concrete by use of a
low water-cement ratio with good workability and
low segregation
 used to produce self-compacting, self-leveling
flowing concretes
Air-Entraining Admixtures
 create numerous microscopic air spaces within

concrete to protect it from degradation lie to
repeated freezing and thawing or exposure to
aggressive chemicals.
Chemical Admixtures
Set-Accelerating Admixtures
 used to decrease the time from the start of

addition of water to cement to initial set and to
increase the rate of strength gain of concrete.
 most commonly used is calcium chloride (may
contribute to corrosion of the steel)
Retarding Admixtures
 Type B & D admixture will allow transport of concrete for a

longer time before initial set occurs. Final set also is delayed.
 beneficial side effect of retardation of initial and final sets is an
increase in the compressive strength of the concrete.
 commonly used Type D admixture provides higher 7- and 28-
days strength than a Type A when used in the same mix design
Chemical Admixtures
Corrosion Inhibitors
 reinforcing steel in concrete usually us protected against corrosion
by the high alkalinity of the concrete, which creates a passivating
layer at the steel surface
 the layer is composed of ferric oxide, a stable compound; within

and at the surface of the ferric oxide, however, are ferrous oxide
compounds, which are more reactive.
 when the ferrous oxide come into contact with aggressive

substances, such as chloride ions, they react with oxygen to form
solid, iron-oxide corrosion products.
 these produce a fourfold increase in volume and create an

expansion force greater than the concrete tensile strength, thus
results in deterioration of the concrete.
Chemical Admixtures
Corrosion Inhibitors
 for corrosion to occur, chloride in the range of 1.0 to 1.5
lb/yd3 must be present
Methods of how to protect the concrete from

corrosion:
a. lowering the water-cement ratio
b. increasing the amount of cover over the reinforcing steel
c. entraining air in the concrete
d. adding a calcium-nitrate admixture
e. adding an internal-barrier admixture
f. cathodic protection
g. or combination of these methods
Coloring Admixture
 for architectural reasons
Miscellaneous Admixtures
Pumping aids
 used to decrease the viscosity of
harsh or marginally pumpable
mixes.
 Organic and synthetic polymers, fly
ash, bentonite, or hydrated lime
may be used.
 if sand makes the mix marginally
pumpable, fly ash is the preferred
pumping additive
Dampproofing admixtures
 include soaps, stearates, and other
petroleum products
 intended to reduce passage of water and
water vapor through concrete
 Caution should be exercised when using
these materials in as much they may
increase water demand for the mix, thus
increasing the permeability of the
concrete
 if dense, low-permeable concrete is
desired, the water-cement ratio should
be kept to a maximum of 0.50 and the
concrete should be well vibrated and
damp cured
Dampproofing admixtures
 include soaps, stearates, and other
petroleum products
 intended to reduce passage of water and
water vapor through concrete
 Caution should be exercised when using
these materials in as much they may
increase water demand for the mix, thus
increasing the permeability of the
concrete
 if dense, low-permeable concrete is
desired, the water-cement ratio should
be kept to a maximum of 0.50 and the
concrete should be well vibrated and
damp cured
*Permeability of concrete can be decreased by the
use of fly ash and silica fume as admixtures.
*Also, use of a high-range water-reducing
admixture and a water-cement ratio less than 0.50
will greatly reduce permeability
Gas-forming admixtures
 used to form lightweight concrete
 used in masonry grout
 typically an aluminum powder
Fibers For Concrete Mixes
 are discontinuous, discrete units
 their greatest use in crack control of concrete flatwork, especially slabs on
grade
Most commonly used types of Specialty Synthetic:
fibers in concrete are synthetics: 1. Aramid
1. Polypropylene 2. Carbon
2. Nylon 3. acrylic fibers
3. Polyester
4. polyethylene
Glass-fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC)

 made using E-glass and alkali-resistant(AR) glass fibers
 used to construct many types of building elements:
architectural wall panels, roofing tiles, and water tanks
Steel fibers
 are chopped high-tensile or stainless steel
 used as a structural material and replace conventional
reinforcing steel
Mortars
o composed of a cementitious material, fine
aggregate, sand, and water.
o used for bedding unit masonry, for plasters and
stuccoes, and with the addition of coarse
aggregate, for concrete.
Mortars

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Admixtures

 Included in this definition are chemical

*High range admixtures reduce the amount of water

 are high range water-reducing admixtures.

 create numerous microscopic air spaces within

 used to decrease the time from the start of

 Type B & D admixture will allow transport of concrete for a

 the layer is composed of ferric oxide, a stable compound; within

 when the ferrous oxide come into contact with aggressive

 these produce a fourfold increase in volume and create an

Methods of how to protect the concrete from

Glass-fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC)

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