1.

Understand instrumentation and measurement in mechanical engineering

field specifically electrical transducers for measuring force, displacement,
velocity, temperature…Understanding
2. Use temperature, velocity, flow, force, acceleration, current, voltage
measuring instruments-Application

3. Calibrate instruments-Evaluation

4. Conduct simple experiments-Analysis

5. Sensing (using sensors), Conditioning (using op-amps, transistors, …), and

Acquiring (using ADC, filters, …)signals- Application

6. Modeling common systems and identifying their responses to various inputs-

Creation and Synthesis

7. Actuating (moving, pressurizing, …) common systems- Application

8. Controlling electromechanical systems using PLC or simple passive circuits-

Application
Creation/synthesis questions: They Start with:
• What would you predict/infer from…..?
• What ideas can you add to…?
• How would you create/design a new…?
• What might happen if you combined…?
• What solution would you suggest for…?
Application questions:
Application based questions test a candidate ability to apply knowledge and
concepts (for example: to determine, analyze, establish, predict, solve) in practical
work situations.
1. What is an electrical transducer?
a) A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
b) A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
c) A device that measures electrical energy
d) A device that measures mechanical energy
Answer: b) A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
2. What is the purpose of a force transducer?
a) To measure temperature
b) To measure velocity
c) To measure force
d) To measure displacement
Answer: c) To measure force
3. Which type of transducer is used to measure displacement?
a) Strain gauge
b) Thermocouple
c) Pressure transducer
d) Load cell
Answer: a) Strain gauge
4. What is the principle behind velocity transducers?
a) The measurement of electrical resistance
b) The measurement of capacitance
c) The measurement of inductance
d) The measurement of electromagnetic induction
Answer: d) The measurement of electromagnetic induction
5. Which type of transducer is used to measure temperature?
a) Strain gauge
b) Thermocouple
c) Pressure transducer
d) Load cell
Answer: b) Thermocouple
6. What is the purpose of a displacement transducer?
a) To measure force
b) To measure velocity
c) To measure displacement
d) To measure temperature
Answer: c) To measure displacement
7. How does a load cell work?
a) By measuring changes in electrical resistance
b) By measuring changes in capacitance
c) By measuring changes in inductance
d) By measuring changes in electromagnetic induction
Answer: a) By measuring changes in electrical resistance
8. What is the principle behind temperature transducers?
a) The measurement of electrical resistance
b) The measurement of capacitance
c) The measurement of inductance
d) The measurement of thermal expansion
Answer: d) The measurement of thermal expansion
9. Which type of transducer is used to measure velocity?
a) Strain gauge
b) Thermocouple
c) Pressure transducer
d) Velocity transducer
Answer: d) Velocity transducer
10. What is the purpose of a pressure transducer?
a) To measure force
b) To measure velocity
c) To measure displacement
d) To measure pressure
Answer: d) To measure pressure
1. A thermocouple is commonly used to measure the temperature of:
a) A solid object
b) A liquid
c) A gas
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
2. Which type of flow meter would be most appropriate for measuring the flow rate of a gas?
a) Mass flow meter
b) Volumetric flow meter
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: a) Mass flow meter
3. When measuring the force applied to an object, it is important to ensure that the load cell is:
a) Calibrated properly
b) Positioned correctly
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
4. Which instrument would be most appropriate for measuring the acceleration of a car?
a) Accelerometer
b) Thermocouple
c) Strain gauge
d) Load cell
Answer: a) Accelerometer
5. When measuring current in a circuit, it is important to ensure that the ammeter is:
a) Connected in series
b) Connected in parallel
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: a) Connected in series
6. Which type of voltage would be most appropriate for powering a digital clock?
a) DC voltage
b) AC voltage
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: a) DC voltage
7. Which instrument would be most appropriate for measuring the voltage difference between two points in a circuit?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Ohmmeter
d) Multimeter
Answer: a) Voltmeter
8. Which type of flow meter would be most appropriate for measuring the flow rate of a liquid with a high viscosity?
a) Mass flow meter
b) Volumetric flow meter
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: b) Volumetric flow meter
9. When measuring the velocity of a fluid, it is important to ensure that the pitot tube is:
a) Positioned correctly
b) Oriented correctly
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
10. Which instrument would be most appropriate for measuring the temperature of a gas in a combustion engine?
a) Thermocouple
b) Strain gauge
c) Load cell
d) Pitot tube
Answer: a) Thermocouple
1. What is the purpose of calibrating an instrument?
a) To ensure that it is working properly
b) To adjust its accuracy
c) To establish a baseline for future measurements
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT a reason to calibrate an instrument?
a) To improve its precision
b) To extend its lifespan
c) To comply with regulatory requirements
d) To avoid costly errors
Answer: b) To extend its lifespan
3. How often should an instrument be calibrated?
a) Once a year
b) Every six months
c) Before each use
d) It depends on the instrument and its intended use
Answer: d) It depends on the instrument and its intended use
4. Which of the following methods is NOT used to calibrate an instrument?
a) Comparison with a standard
b) Interpolation of data
c) Adjustment of internal settings
d) All of the above are used for calibration
Answer: b) Interpolation of data
5. Which of the following is the most important factor to consider when calibrating an instrument?
a) The temperature and humidity of the environment
b) The skill and experience of the operator
c) The accuracy and precision of the standard used for comparison
d) The cost of the instrument
Answer: c) The accuracy and precision of the standard used for comparison
6. Which of the following is NOT a potential source of error in the calibration process?
a) Variations in environmental conditions
b) Operator error
c) Inaccurate standards
d) All of the above can be sources of error
Answer: d) All of the above can be sources of error
7. Which of the following describes the process of adjusting an instrument to match a standard?
a) Calibration
b) Verification
c) Validation
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Calibration
8. Which of the following is a common standard used for calibrating temperature measuring instruments?
a) A ruler
b) A stopwatch
c) An ice bath
d) A load cell
Answer: c) An ice bath
9. Which of the following is a common standard used for calibrating pressure measuring instruments?
a) A deadweight tester
b) An oscilloscope
c) A multimeter
d) A strain gauge
Answer: a) A deadweight tester
10. Which of the following is a common standard used for calibrating flow measuring instruments?
a) A pitot tube
b) A thermocouple
c) A load cell
d) An accelerometer
Answer: a) A pitot tube
1. What is the first step in conducting a simple experiment?
a) Analyzing the data
b) Drawing conclusions
c) Identifying the problem or question
d) Planning the experiment
Answer: c) Identifying the problem or question
2. What is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis in a simple experiment?
a) To identify potential sources of error
b) To establish a control group
c) To determine the dependent variable
d) To make a testable prediction
Answer: d) To make a testable prediction
3. Which of the following is an important consideration when planning a simple experiment?
a) The number of trials to be conducted
b) The complexity of the experiment
c) The cost of materials
d) The potential risks and hazards
Answer: d) The potential risks and hazards
4. What is the role of a control group in a simple experiment?
a) To provide a standard of comparison
b) To reduce the impact of extraneous variables
c) To ensure the validity of the results
d) To eliminate the need for replication
Answer: a) To provide a standard of comparison
5. Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable in a simple experiment?
a) The temperature of the environment
b) The type of material used
c) The duration of the experiment
d) The measurement of a specific outcome
Answer: d) The measurement of a specific outcome
6. What is the purpose of analyzing data in a simple experiment?
a) To identify potential sources of error
b) To draw conclusions
c) To establish a control group
d) To determine the dependent variable
Answer: b) To draw conclusions
7. Which of the following is an important consideration when communicating the results of a simple experiment?
a) The length of the report
b) The use of technical language
c) The inclusion of graphs or charts
d) The accuracy and clarity of the information
Answer: d) The accuracy and clarity of the information
8. What is the purpose of replication in a simple experiment?
a) To verify the results
b) To reduce the impact of extraneous variables
c) To ensure the validity of the results
d) To eliminate the need for a control group
Answer: c) To ensure the validity of the results
9. Which of the following is an example of a potential source of error in a simple experiment?
a) The use of a reliable measuring instrument
b) The selection of an appropriate sample size
c) The failure to control for extraneous variables
d) The inclusion of a control group
Answer: c) The failure to control for extraneous variables
10. Which of the following is an example of an independent variable in a simple experiment?
a) The measurement of a specific outcome
b) The type of material used
c) The duration of the experiment
d) The temperature of the environment
Answer: b) The type of material used
 REVIEW ON MECHATRONICS SYSTEM
MODELING

Basic System Models

Mathematical Models
Mechanical system
Electrical system
Thermal system
Hydraulic system
Physical System models
Mathematical Models

Think how systems behave with time when subjected to some

disturbances.

 In order to understand the behavior of such systems, mathematical

models are needed.

 Such a model is created using equations and can be used to enable

predictions to be made of the behavior of a system under specific
conditions.

 The basics for any mathematical model is provided by the

fundamental physical laws that govern the behavior of the system.
 The mathematical models of most systems are in the form of differential
equations, so you must be proficient at differential calculus. To make these
easier to use, we rewrite the differential expressions as follows.
dθ d 2 θ becomes s 2 θ d n θ becomes s n θ but n=2 is the highest you will deal with here.
becomes s θ dt n
dt dt 2

The purpose of this transform is to allow differential equations to be converted into a

normal algebraic equation in which the quantity s is just a normal algebraic quantity.

Note that this usually applies to quantities that are a function of time which is why the
expressions are written as differential coefficients with respect to time.

The mathematical model is written in the form of the ratio of Output/Input, if

the models are turned into a function of ‘s’ it is correctly called a transfer
function and this is usually denoted as G(s).
G(s) = output/input

The output and input are changed from functions of time to a function of s.
 Building Blocks

• Systems can be made up from a range of building

blocks.
• Each building block is considered to have a single
property or function.
• Example: an electric circuit system which is made
up from blocks which represent the behavior of
resistance, capacitance, and inductor, respectively.
• By combining these building blocks a variety of
electrical circuit systems can be built up and the
overall input-output relationship can be obtained.
Building blocks of Mechanical system

The models used to represent mechanical systems have the basic

building blocks of:

 Springs; represent the stiffness of a system.

 Dashpots; the forces opposing motion, i.e. friction or damping
 Masses; the inertia or resistance to acceleration

All these building blocks can be considered to have a force as an

input
and a displacement as an output
 Spring

 The stiffness of a spring is described by: F=kx

The object applying the force to stretch the spring is
also acted upon by a force
(Newton’s third law), this force will be
in the opposite direction and equal in
size to the force used to stretch the
spring Mech. sys
 Dashpots

 It is a type of forces when we push an object through a fluid or move an

object against friction forces.
 Thus, the relation between the displacement x of the piston, i.e. the output
and the force as input is a relationship depending on the rate of
change of the output Mech. Sys.
 Masses

When a mass is accelerated, the inertia has to be overcome and

the inertia force is given by Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Force = Mass x Acceleration. Acceleration is the second
derivative of x with time.
 Basic Blocks of Rotational System

For rotational system, the equivalent three

building blocks are:
 A Torsional spring,
 A rotary damper, and
 The moment of inertia
 TORSION BAR
This is the equivalent of a mass and spring. A metal rod clamped at one end and twisted at the other
end produces a torque opposing the twisting directly proportional to the angle of twist. The ratio T/q is
the torsion stiffness of the torsion spring and is denoted with a k.

TORSIONAL DAMPER

A torsional damper may be idealized as vanes rotating in a viscous fluid so that the torque
required to rotate it is directly proportional to the angular velocity. kd is the torsion damping
coefficient in N m s/radian
MOMENT OF INERTIA

Rotating masses oppose changes to the motion and

Newton's 2nd law for rotating masses is:

This work is important in the study of motors, gear boxes, pulley drives and so on.
 Electrical system modeling
Engineers have found that many mechanical and electrical elements have the same model and that the maths used is the
same. There are clear analogies between electrical and mechanical (including thermal and fluid) systems. These use the
properties of Capacitance, Resistance and Inductance. Laws used in common are conservation laws. You do not need
to study all these in detail and the appropriate law will be explained as required.

 CAPACITANCE usually uses the symbol C and is found in electrical, thermal and fluid systems. A mechanical
spring is a form of capacitance where k is the spring stiffness and 1/k is analogous to C.
 RESISTANCE usually uses the symbol R and is found in electrical and thermal systems. Mechanical/hydraulic
resistance is better known as the damping coefficient and has various symbols.
 INDUCTANCE usually uses the symbol L for electrical systems. In mechanical systems the analogous property
is MASS or INERTIA and in fluid systems the analogous property is INERTANCE
Here is a table showing the main analogue components and their mathematical models. It is useful to note that
capacitance is a zero order differential equation, resistance is a first order differential equation and
Inductance/inertia/inertance is a second order differential equation.
23
 Hydraulic System building blocks
Input and output in hydraulic system are Volumetric flow rate (q) Pressure difference (P1-
P2) respectively.

Building Blocks
1. Hydraulic resistance (R): is the resistance to flow of liquid flow through valves or
changes in pipe diameter takes place.
P1-P2=Rq
2. Hydraulic capacitance: is the term used to describe energy storage with a liquid where
it is stored in the form of potential energy. A height of liquid in a container is one form of
such a storage. For such capacitance, the rate of change of volume V in the container
(dV/dt) is equal to the difference between the volumetric q1 and the rate at which it leaves
q2.
3. Hydraulic Inertance: is the equivalent of inductance in the electrical systems or mass in
mechanical systems. To accelerate fluid and so increase its velocity a force is required.

25
 Thermal System Building Blocks
Two basic blocks: resistance and capacitance
The value of the resistance depends on the mode of heat transfer.

26
Modeling common systems and identifying their responses to various inputs-
Creation/Synthesis
1. Which of the following is/are input(s) for the mechanical system modeling?
a. Force
b. Torque
c. Displacement
d. a and b
Answer: D
2. Which of the following is an example of a system input?
A. The system's internal components
B. The system's physical environment
C. The system's output
D. The system's performance
Answer: B
3. What is a transfer function?
a) A function that describes the input-output relationship of a system
b) A function that describes the time constant of a system
c) A function that describes the frequency response of a system
d) A function that describes the gain of a system
Answer: a) A function that describes the input-output relationship of a system
4. What is system modeling?
a) The process of designing a physical system
b) The process of creating a mathematical representation of a system
c) The process of testing a system
d) The process of analyzing a system's performance
Answer: b) The process of creating a mathematical representation of a system
5. Which is true about building block?
A. Systems can be made up from a range of building blocks
B. Each building block is considered to have a single property or function
C. The models used to represent mechanical systems have the three basic building blocks
D. All
Answer: D
6. A mass–spring–system has the following parameters.
Stiffness K = 800 N/m Mass M = 3 kg , Damping Coefficient kd = 20 Ns/m
What will be the equation for the force required when the piston is accelerating?
A. F=6a+40v+1200x
B. F=3a+20v+800x
C. F=9a+50v+800x
D. None of the above
Answer: B
7. The first step in modeling a common system is:
E. Identifying the system's components and their interactions
F. Collecting data on the system's responses to inputs
G. Determining the system's purpose and goals
H. Predicting the output of the system
Answer: A
8. Which of the following is energy dissipating component?
I. Spring
J. Mass
K. Damper
L. Rotational damper
M. C and D
Answer: E
9. Transfer function of a system is used to calculate which of the following ?
(a) The order of the system
(b) The time constant
(c) The output for any given input
(d) The steady state gain
Answer: C
10. What will be the equation of the following mass-spring system?
A. m + (K1+K2)x = F
B. m - (K1+K2)x = F
C. m + (K1-K2)x = F
D. m +cdv/dt+ (K1+K2)x = F
Answer: A
 Actuators
 Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that
accepts a control command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and
produces a change in the physical system by generating force, motion,
heat, flow, etc.
 Normally, Actuation system have three actuating units:- power supply,
actuator and coupling mechanism as shown in Fig.
 The power unit provides either AC or DC power at the rated voltage and
current.
 The coupling mechanism acts as the interface between the actuator and the
physical system.
 Typical mechanisms include rack and pinion, gear drive, belt drive, lead
screw and nut, piston, and linkages.
2.2 1 Actuators Classification

 Based on energy : -

 Electrical,

 Electromechanical,

 Mechanical,

 Electromagnets ,

 Pneumatic & hydraulic.

 New generation: -

 Smart actuators,

 micro actuators,

 Nano actuators.
Electrical Actuators

 Electrical Actuator is a device that can convert electrical energy to

mechanical energy.
 These actuators are instrumental in moving physical objects in
mechatronic systems.
 Electrical switches are the choice of actuators for most of the on-off type
control action.
 Switching devices such as diodes, transistors, triacs, MOSFET (metal–
oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), and relays accept a low
energy level command signal from the controller and switch on or off
electrical devices such as motors, valves, and heating elements.
 For example, a MOSFET switch is shown in Fig. The gate terminal receives

the low energy control signal from the controller that makes or breaks the
connection between the power supply and the actuator load.
Electromechanical Actuators
 The most common electromechanical actuator is a motor that converts
electrical energy to mechanical motion.
 Motors are the principal means of converting electrical energy into
mechanical energy in industry.
 Broadly they can be classified as DC motors, AC motors, and stepper
motors. DC motors operate on DC voltage and varying the voltage can
easily control their speed.
 They are widely used in applications ranging from thousands of
horsepower motors used in rolling mills to fractional horsepower motors
used in automobiles (starter motors, fan motors, windshield wiper motors,
etc.)
Electromagnetic Actuators
 The solenoid is the most common electromagnetic actuator.
 A DC solenoid actuator consists of a soft iron core enclosed within a current
carrying coil. When the coil is energized, a magnetic field is established that
provides the force to push or pull the iron core.
 A solenoid operated directional control valve is shown in Fig. Normally, due
to the spring force, the soft iron core is pushed to the extreme left position
as shown. When the solenoid is excited, the soft iron core will move to the
right extreme position thus providing the electromagnetic actuation.
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators
 Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators are normally either rotary motors or
linear piston/cylinder or control valves. They are ideally suited for
generating very large forces coupled with large motion.
 Pneumatic actuators use air under pressure that is most suitable for low
to medium force, short stroke, and high speed applications.
 Hydraulic actuators use pressurized oil that is incompressible. They can
produce very large forces coupled with large motion in a cost-effective
manner.
 The rotary motors are usually used in applications where low speed and
high torque are required.
 The cylinder/piston actuators are suited for application of linear motion
such as aircraft flap control.
Mechanical Actuators

o Some of the important mechanical actuators used in mechatronic systems: -,

cam, ratchet and pawl, gear train, belt drives, chain drives, and include
hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders.
Actuating (moving, pressurizing, …) common systems-
Application
1. Which of the following is unit acts as the interface between the actuator and physical system?
A. Power supply unit
B. The coupling mechanism
C. Actuator
D. All
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is true about electrical actuators?
A. Electrical actuator is a device that can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
B. These actuators are instrumental in moving mechatronics systems.
C. Diodes, triacs, MOSFET and relays are electrical actuators.
D. All of the above
Answer: D
3. ________is the most common electromechanical actuator that convert electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
A. Solenoid
B. Motor
C. Gear
D. Racket and pawl
Answer: B
4. Which of the following is not true about hydraulic actuators?
A. They are slower in operation
B. They use air as working fluid
C. They use viscous and non-compressible fluids
D. They can produce very large forces coupled with large motion in a cost-effective manner.
Answer: B
5. How many types of actuators present in hydraulic systems?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Answer: B (Linear and Rotary actuators)
6. The ____________________ converts the compressed air energy into mechanical energy in the form of
linear movement in one direction only.
E. Piston cylinders
F. Double acting cylinders
G. Single acting cylinders
H. Hydraulic pumps
Answer: C
7. What kind of working environments are suited for mechanical actuators?
I. Suitable for environments that require high speed or rapid response times
J. They may not require more maintenance compared to other types of actuators
C. They can operate in a wide range of temperatures and are often used in harsh or extreme environments
D. They are not subjected wear and tear
Answer: C
8. What is the purpose of a hydraulic motor?
A. To regulate hydraulic pressure
B. To store hydraulic fluid
C. To convert hydraulic pressure into rotational motion
D. To cool hydraulic fluid
Answer: C. To convert hydraulic pressure into rotational motion
9. Pneumatic actuator do not exceed:
A. 2hp
B. 3hp
C. 5hp
D. 1hp
Answer: D
10. Which of the following is an application of an electromechanical actuator?
a) Measuring temperature
b) Measuring flow rate
c) Controlling a robotic arm
d) Sensing pressure
Answer: c) Controlling a robotic arm
What is PLC?
 The programmable logic controller is defined as a digital electronic device that uses
a programmable memory to store instructions and to implement functions such as
logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic words to control machines and
processes.”

 PLC is a specialized computer used to control machines and process.

 PLC is also called as modern computers.

 It is a digital computer designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements.

 PLC is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such

as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, control of amusement rides, or
control lighting fixtures.

 It can be easily programmed or changed as per the application required.

11/30/2023 44
Advantages of PLCs:
 Flexibility in programming and reprogramming.

 Cost effective for controlling complex systems.

 Small physical size, shorter project time.

 High speed of operation.

 Ability to communicate with computer system in plant

 Ease of maintenance /troubleshooting.


Reduced space.
 Ability to work at high temperatures

 Resistant to impact and vibration


11/30/2023 Energy saving. 45
Disadvantages of PLCs
o PLC devices are proprietary it means that part or software of one manufacturer
can’t be used in combination with parts of another manufacturer.

o Limited design and cost option

o Fixed circuit operations.

o PLCs manufacturer offer only closed architectures.

11/30/2023 46
Applications
 Wherever automation is desired the PLCs are best suited to meet the task.

 Few examples of industries where PLCs are used:

1) Car park control

A counter might be used to keep track of the number of the vehicles in a parking lot.

2) Traffic lights
Timers are devices that count increments of time.
They are used with traffic lights, for example, to
control the length of time between signal changes.

11/30/2023 47
 3) Food processing and bottling

 other examples of industries where PLCs are used:

• Robots manufacturing and control
• Train control station system
• Materials handling
• Machine tools
• Conveyer system
• Automatic washing machine
• video cameras, etc.

11/30/2023 48
Programming Languages of PLC

o Most common languages encountered in PLC programming are:

1) Ladder logic

2) Functional block diagram

3) Sequential function chart

4) Boolean mnemonics.

11/30/2023 49
PLC ladder programming (ladder logic)

o A very commonly used method of programming PLCs is based on the use of ladder
diagrams.

o Writing a program is then equivalent to drawing a switching circuit. The ladder

diagram consists of two vertical lines representing the power rails. Circuits are
connected as horizontal lines, i.e. the rungs of the ladder, between these two verticals.

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Cont.…

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11/30/2023 52
PLC Selection
o Factors:

 Manufacturer’s support.
 Serviceability.
 Flexibility.
 Expandability.
 Programming software.
 Training.
 Documentation.

11/30/2023 53
The difference between PLC and microprocessor
(computer)

11/30/2023 54
Controlling electromechanical systems using PLC or simple passive circuits-
Application
1. Which of the following is an advantage of using a PLC for controlling systems?
A. Flexibility in programming
B. Simplicity in design
C. Low cost
D. No need for external power supply
Answer: A
2. The programmable logic controllers are used in __________
A. Glass and paper industry
B. Process automation plants
C. Cement manufacturing
D. All of the above
Answer: D
3. Ladder logic programming consists primarily of:
A. Virtual relay contacts and coils
B. Logic gate symbols with connecting lines
C. Function blocks with connecting lines
D. Text-based code
Answer: A
4. An OR function implemented in ladder logic uses
E. Normally closed contact in series
F. Normally open contact in series
G. Normally open contact in parallel
H. Normally closed contact in parallel
Answer: C
5. The _____ timer times as long as the enabling input is ON, but does not reset when the
input goes OFF and timer must be reset with a RESET (R) instruction.
Retentive time
A. Retentive ON delay
B. ON delay
C. OFF delay
D. None of the above
Answer: A
6. The Boolean representation of this PLC program is:
A. ABC + D
B. C + (A + B)D
C. C + D(A + B)
D. ABC + BD
E. C(AB + D)
Answer: E
7. Which of the following statements is not correct?
E. The PLC rung output [-()-] is a discrete out put instruction or bit in memory
F. Each rung of the ladder logic represents a logical statement executed in software –inputs
on the right and outputs on the left.
G. Input and output instructions in ladder do not directly represent the switches and actuators
H. PLC input instructions are logical symbols associated with voltage at the input module
terminals
Answer: B
8. Which of the following statements is not correct?
A. Outputs can be paralleled on the same rung
B. The (-| |-) and output (-()-) instruction symbols in the ladder logic represent only data
values stored in PLC memory
C. Outputs can be put in series on the same rung
D. None of the above
Answer: C
9. Why PLC is preferable than other digital electronic controlling device?
E. The ability to work in severe environment
F. High speed of operation
G. PLC devices are proprietary
H. A and B
Answer: D