THERMODYNAMICS 1

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FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

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ENGR. ALBERT JULIAN M. BARJOSE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Copyright © by Western Mindanao State University
All rights reserved. Published (Year)
Printed in the Philippines
ISBN 978-971-0487-42-4
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without prior written permission of
WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ....................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4
OBJECTIVES: ............................................................................................................................ 4
TOPIC OUTLINE: ...................................................................................................................... 4
POTENTIAL ENERGY ................................................................................................................. 6
KINETIC ENERGY ....................................................................................................................... 6
WORK ............................................................................................................................................ 7
HEAT .............................................................................................................................................. 7
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ....................................................................................... 8
SAMPLE PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................... 9
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 12
ASSIGNED PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITY ......................................................................... 13

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 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION

The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation) states that energy is always conserved, it
cannot be created or destroyed. In essence, energy can be converted from one form into another.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this MODULE, YOU can:

1. State the definition of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics.

2. Be familiar with the calculations involved in the 1st Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Solve problems related to the conservation of energy.
4. Be prepared for more comprehensive problems related to thermodynamics.

TOPIC OUTLINE:

I. Potential Energy
II. Kinetic Energy
III. Work
IV. Heat
V. First Law of Thermodynamics
VI. Sample Problems

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 Try This!

Consider the figure below. Try to research and study in advance the concepts behind these
figure (Conservation of Energy).

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 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential Energy – is energy at rest. It is also quantified through the change in

elevation.

𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

∆𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

Where:

𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ℎ = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑃 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

KINETIC ENERGY

Kinetic Energy – is energy in motion. It is quantified through the mass and velocity
of a substance.

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𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

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∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
2

Where:

𝐾𝐸 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑣1 , 𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

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 WORK

Work is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of
the force in the direction of the displacement.

Note:

Work done by the system is positive.

Work done on the system is negative.

HEAT

Heat – is energy describing the movement of the atoms within a solid, liquid or gas.
Heat can be quantified through the change in temperate.

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑡
Where:

𝑄 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
∆𝑡 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Note:
1. Heat is positive when heat is gained or added to the system.
2. Heat is negative when heat is rejected from the system.

𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
Specific Heat of Water: 𝑐𝑝𝑤 = 4.187 =1
𝑘𝑔∙𝐾 𝑙𝑏∙𝑅

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 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The summation of energies going into the system is equal to the summation of
energies going out of the sytem.

A. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

B. 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝑬𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑾 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝑬𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑸
C. 𝑊 = ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑊𝑓 + ∆𝑈 + 𝑄

But: ∆ℎ = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊𝑓 ; so:

D.𝑊 = ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑄

E. Neglecting Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy and Heat,

We have: 𝑾 = ∆𝒉 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A steam turbine is receiving 1014 lbm/hr of steam, determine the horspower output of the turbine if
the work done by steam is 251 Btu/lbm.

A. 100 hp B. 462.7 hp C. 200 hp D. 6002.7 hp

SOLUTION:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑝 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑚

So that:

𝑊𝑝 = 𝑚𝑊
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑊𝑝 = (1014 ) (251 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑊𝑝 = 254514 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟

Converting to horsepower:

𝐵𝑇𝑈 1ℎ𝑝
𝑊𝑝 = 254514 𝑥
ℎ𝑟 2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ𝑟

𝑾𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒉𝒑

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2. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628 kJ/kg at 70 m/s and leaves the same
stage with an enthalpy of 2846 kJ/kg and a velocity of 124 m/s. Calculate the power if there are
5 kg/s steam admitted at the turbine throttle.

A. 4597.45 kW B. 3976.55 kW C. 3883.81 kW D. 1675.42 kW

Given:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 3628
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝑣1 = 70
𝑠
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 2846
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝑣2 = 124
𝑠
𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

SOLUTION:

𝑊 = ∆ℎ + ∆𝐾𝐸

∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔
∆ℎ = (2846 − 3628 ) (5 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
∆ℎ = −3910 𝑘𝑊

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 1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
2

1 𝑘𝑔
∆𝐾𝐸 = (5 ) (1242 − 702 ) 𝑚2 /𝑠 2
2 𝑠

𝑘𝑊
∆𝐾𝐸 = 26190 𝑊 𝑥 1
1000𝑊

∆𝐾𝐸 = 26.19 𝑘𝑊

So:

𝑊 = −3910 𝑘𝑊 + 26.19 𝑘𝑊

𝑾 = −𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟑. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑾

∗ 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛/𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

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 REFERENCES

1. Thermodynamics by Faires & Simmang

2. Thermodynamics by Sta. Maria
3. FE Review Manual
4. 1001 Solved Engineering Problems

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 ASSIGNED PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITY

Instructions: This assignment is to be passed on or before 8:00 AM of

WEDNESDAY, November 4, 2020. Show your solution for each problem. Each
problem shall be worth 20 points, for a total of 100 points.

1. Water is heated on an electrical range with a power rating of 1.5 KW for a

period of 18 minutes. The initial and final temperatures of the water are 15 deg. C
and 85 deg. C and 70% of the electrical heat is transferred to the water. What is the
amount of water?

A. 1.4 kg B. 3.9 kg C 5.5 kg D. 9.2 kg

2. What is the kinetic energy of a 500 kg body traveling at 20 m/s?

A. 80 kJ B. 85 kJ C. 90 kJ D. 100 kJ

3. What is the potential energy of a 300 kg body if it strikes the ground from a 50
m elevation?

A. 127.15 kJ B. 137.15 kJ C. 147.15 kJ D. 157.15 kJ

4. 5 kg of water enter a heater at 25 deg C and leaves the heater at 180 deg. F.
Determine the heat added in kW.

A. 1198 kW B. 1298 kW C. 1398 kW D. 1498 kW

5. Water enters the condenser at 30 deg C. which has a mass of 3 kg/s. If heat
added is 100 kW, determine the outlet temperature in deg C.

A. 37.96 deg C B. 39.96 deg C C. 41.96 deg C D. 43.96 deg C

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