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    Lo Ppt13 Miller Short2

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    Praveen Rathore
    - Conductors like metals allow electron flow due to delocalized electrons. Insulators like most nonmetals do not conduct electricity well due to band gaps. Semiconductors like silicon have intermediate band gaps and conductivity increases with temperature. - Carbon exists in different allotropes with varying properties - diamond has a 3D covalent structure and conducts heat well but does not conduct electricity due to its band gap, while graphite has layered structure and conducts electricity due to delocalized pi electrons. - Semiconductors form the basis of electronic devices, with silicon doped with boron or phosphorus creating p-type or n-type materials, and a junction between the two functioning as a rectifier

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    Lo Ppt13 Miller Short2

    Uploaded by

    Praveen Rathore
    28 views27 pages
    - Conductors like metals allow electron flow due to delocalized electrons. Insulators like most nonmetals do not conduct electricity well due to band gaps. Semiconductors like silicon have intermediate band gaps and conductivity increases with temperature. - Carbon exists in different allotropes with varying properties - diamond has a 3D covalent structure and conducts heat well but does not conduct electricity due to its band gap, while graphite has layered structure and conducts electricity due to delocalized pi electrons. - Semiconductors form the basis of electronic devices, with silicon doped with boron or phosphorus creating p-type or n-type materials, and a junction between the two functioning as a rectifier

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    - Conductors like metals allow electron flow due to delocalized electrons. Insulators like most nonmetals do not conduct electricity well due to band gaps. Semiconductors like silicon have intermediate band gaps and conductivity increases with temperature. - Carbon exists in different allotropes with varying properties - diamond has a 3D covalent structure and conducts heat well but does not conduct electricity due to its band gap, while graphite has layered structure and conducts electricity due to delocalized pi electrons. - Semiconductors form the basis of electronic devices, with silicon doped with boron or phosphorus creating p-type or n-type materials, and a junction between the two functioning as a rectifier

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    28 views27 pages

    Lo Ppt13 Miller Short2

    Uploaded by

    Praveen Rathore
    - Conductors like metals allow electron flow due to delocalized electrons. Insulators like most nonmetals do not conduct electricity well due to band gaps. Semiconductors like silicon have intermediate band gaps and conductivity increases with temperature. - Carbon exists in different allotropes with varying properties - diamond has a 3D covalent structure and conducts heat well but does not conduct electricity due to its band gap, while graphite has layered structure and conducts electricity due to delocalized pi electrons. - Semiconductors form the basis of electronic devices, with silicon doped with boron or phosphorus creating p-type or n-type materials, and a junction between the two functioning as a rectifier

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Solids: Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors

    Conductors: mostly metals Insulators: mostly nonmetal materials


    well study allotropes of carbon and study their properties

    Semiconductors: metalloids

    Solids: Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors


    Conduction Band: white

    No gap

    Band gap

    Valence Band in red


    Conductor Insulator Semiconductor
    2

    Bonding in Metals
    The electron-sea model is a simple depiction of a metal as an array of positive ions surrounded by delocalized valence electrons.

    Metals are good conductors of electricity because of the mobility of these delocalized valence electrons. A metal also conducts heat well because the mobile electrons can carry additional kinetic energy.
    3

    Bonding in Metals

    Bonding in Metals
    Molecular orbital theory gives a more detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
    Because the energy levels in a metal crowd together into bands, this picture of metal bonding is called band theory.

    Bonding in Metals
    Molecular orbital theory gives a more detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
    In a metal, this requires little energy since the unoccupied orbitals lie just above the occupied orbitals of highest energy.

    Bonding In Metals: Lithium according to Molecular Orbital Theory


    7

    Magnesium

    3s bonding and antibonding should be full


    8

    Magnesium
    Conduction band: empty

    No gap: conductor Valence band: full

    Conductor

    Solids: Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors


    Conduction Band: white

    No gap

    Band gap

    Valence Band in red


    Conductor Insulator Semiconductor
    10

    Allotropes of Carbon
    Diamond: high thermal conductivity, extremely strong, insulator Graphite: high thermal conductivity, conductor
    electrodes for electrolysis and batteries; essentially pencil lead

    Fullerenes: discovered in 1986, amazing possibilities


    11

    Diamond
    Diamond has a three-dimensional network structure in which each carbon is singly-bonded to four others with sp3 hybridization. Diamond is a covalent network solid
    each carbon covalently bonded to 4 others.

    Diamonds are the hardest substance known.


    must break carbon-carbon bonds

    Diamonds have a melting point of 3550C.


    must break carbon-carbon bonds
    12

    Structure of Diamond

    13

    Diamond
    Diamond has a three-dimensional network structure in which each carbon is singly-bonded to four others with sp3 hybridization. Why do diamonds conduct heat?
    Metals conduct heat because the the mobile electrons can carry additional kinetic energy. Diamonds are insulators and have no mobile electrons. Diamonds conduct heat through high frequency (= high energy) vibrations that transmit over long distances

    Diamonds conduct heat 4 times better than copper!

    14

    Graphite
    Graphite has a layered structure, in which the carbon atoms in each layer bond to three other carbons with sp2 orbitals. Graphites primary use is in the manufacture of electrodes for electrolysis and batteries.

    Of the covalent network solids, only graphite conducts electricity. This is due to the delocalization of the resonant p electrons in graphites sp2 hybridization. 15

    Structure of Graphite

    16

    Fullerenes
    The fullerenes are a family of molecules with a closed cage of carbon atoms arranged in pentagons and hexagons. Each carbon is sp2 hybridized.
    The most symmetrical member is buckminsterfullerene, C60. Buckminsterfullerenes show potential for applications in superconductivity and catalytic activity.
    17

    Buckminsterfullerene
    Figure 13.25: A frame model of C60.
    By permission of Dr. Richard Smalley, Rice University

    18

    Solids: Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors


    Graphite Diamond

    No gap

    Band gap = 5.5 eV 530 kJ/mol

    Conductor

    Insulator

    19

    Solids: Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors


    Band Gap for Semiconductors
    Diamond Si Ge 5.5 eV 1.1 eV 0.67 eV Band gap

    Semiconductor

    20

    Semiconductors
    Metalloids: semiconducting elements
    low electrical conductivity at room temperature Electrical conductivity increases with temp.

    Gap between valence and conduction band is intermediate in size

    21

    Semiconductors
    Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
    Metalloids (such as silicon or germanium) are semiconducting elements whose electrical conductivity increases as temperature increases. A striking property of these elements is that their conductivities increase markedly when they are doped with small quantities of other elements.

    22

    Semiconductors
    Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
    When silicon is doped with phosphorus, it becomes an n-type semiconductor, in which electric current is carried by electrons.

    23

    Semiconductors
    Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
    When silicon is doped with boron, it becomes a p-type semiconductor, in which an electrical current is carried by positively charged holes

    24

    Semiconductors
    Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
    Joining a p-type semiconductor to an ntype semiconductor produces a p-n junction, which can function as a rectifier. A rectifier is a device that allows current to flow in one direction, but not the other.

    25

    Figure 13.29: Effect of doping silicon.

    26

    Figure 13.30: A p-n junction as a rectifier.

    27

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