CIVILE-206

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS (2+1)

Classes Fall 2020
Engr. Arian Khan
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Architecture

Email: [email protected]
Today’s Lecture Includes

1) Asbestos, Plaster of Paris, Abrasives

2) Rubber, Cork, Plastics
3) Paints
4) Acoustics
5) Bamboo
6) Natural, artificial and steel fibres
7) Water Proofing Materials
8) Geotextiles, Geosynthetics
9) Modern materials (Fibre reinforces polymer etc)
Asbestos

• Asbestos occurs in nature mostly in form of veins among rock of

specific composition. Asbestos minerals are fibrous in structure and
split into fine fibres under mechanical force. Natural asbestos may be
subdivided into two groups: acid-resistant and non-acid-resistant.
• Acid-resistant asbestos comprises crocidolite asbestos, anthophyllite
asbestos, amosite asbestos, actinolite asbestos and tremolite asbestos.
• The group of non-acid-resistant asbestos is represented by chrysotile
asbestos only, which is of great industrial importance. In chemical
composition chrysotile asbestos (theoretical) is a magnesium
hydrosilicate 3MgO.2SiO2. 2H2O.
Uses

• Asbestos is used to make sheets (A.C. sheets) and boards for

roofing, false-ceilings,
• paneling, partitions, wall linings, door panels, window panes, sign
boards, wardrobes, etc. In
• the form of pipes it is used to drain rain water, soil water, etc
Plaster of Paris

• quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of a fine white powder

(calcium sulfate hemihydrate), which hardens when moistened and
allowed to dry. Known since ancient times, plaster of paris is so
called because of its preparation from the abundant gypsum found
near Paris.
• Plaster of paris does not generally shrink or crack when dry,
making it an excellent medium for casting molds. It is commonly
used to precast and hold parts of ornamental plasterwork placed
on ceilings and cornices.
Plaster of Paris

• Plaster of paris is prepared by heating calcium sulfate dihydrate,

or gypsum, to 120–180 °C (248–356 °F). With an additive to retard
the set, it is called wall, or hard wall, plaster, which can provide
passive fire protection for interior surfaces.
Abrasives

• An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used to shape or

finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the
workpiece being worn away by friction. ... In short, the ceramics
which are used to cut, grind and polish other softer materials are
known as abrasives.
• Abrasives are substances used to smooth out or machine (to mold
or finish by machinery) other softer materials through extensive
rubbing. They work by scratching away the surface of materials in
order to rid it of unwanted roughness or substances. Common
examples include, pumice, sandpaper, emery, and sand.
Rubber

• is a broad term that can be used to describe a range of products

with similar ‘elastic’ characteristics. There are two main types of
rubber: natural rubber, which is made from latex extracted from
plants (primarily the rubber tree or hevea brasiliensis) and synthetic
rubber, which is manufactured and includes some forms of:
• Styrene butadiene (SBR).
• Polyacrylics.
• Polyvinyl acetate (PVA).
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
• Rubber can be manufactured in a variety of shapes, sizes,
thicknesses and colours and can be hard, soft, foamy or spongy.
Rubber

• is highly elastic and durable and is corrosion resistant. It remains flexible in a

wide range of temperatures, is water resistant, an electrical and thermal
insulator, and is able to absorb movement and vibration.
• Rubber is commonly used in the construction industry for:
• Joints, seals and gaskets.
• Coatings, paints and sealants.
• Sound, vibration and impact absorption.
• Protective clothing.
• Roofing and flooring.
• Pipes and cabling.
• Belting.
• Membranes
Thermocol

• Thermocol is a light and cellular plastic material used for sound

and heat insulation of ceiling,
• walls, refrigerators and for air conditioning of the buildings.
• It is soft, light, strong and durable having compressive strength in
the range of 11.7 to 14.4 N/mm2.
• It has excellent heat, sound and electric insulating properties.
Cork

• In construction, the unique features of cork foster its use in

building coverings and flooring. The floor to the roof, walls or
windows, cork is synonymous with comfort. ... The unique
capacities of cork also ensure it is used in lightweight concrete
and expansion joints for roads, bridges, railways, dams or airports.
Bamboo

• Bamboo can be utilized as a building material for scaffolding,

bridges, houses and buildings. Bamboo, like wood, is a natural
composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for
structures.
• Bamboo has a long tradition of being used as a structural material
where it grows natively, and is still used as scaffolding and for
housing in areas of Asia, Africa and South America. Only a few
dozen species are suitable for construction, with Moso, Asper and
Guadua among the most common.
Bamboo

• Although bamboo is a great sustainable material, it has a number

of disadvantages. One major disadvantage of bamboo is its poor
resistance to fungi and bacteria. It is sensitive to attack from
insects. So it must be treated against them, otherwise, the
material has a very short life.
Water Proofing Materials

• Dampness in a building is the main cause of the deterioration of the building as well as
for the ill-health of the occupants. The main cause of dampness is the absorption of
water by the materials because of high ground water table, rain, exposed top of parapet
walls, inadequate slope of roof, pounding of water in adjoining areas of the structure
and condensation.

• Damp-proofing of a building is done by interposing a layer of damp-proofing material

between source of dampness and building and this layer is known as damp-proofing
course (D.P.C.). The principle of damp-proofing is to provide D.P.C. horizontally or
vertically without any break and thought the thickness of wall.
Water Proofing Materials

• The choice of a material to function as an effective damp-proof

course requires a judicious
• selection. It depends upon the climatic and atmospheric
conditions, nature of structure and the situation where D.P.C. is to
be provided.
Fiber

• Fiber is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are

discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. Fibers are of
great importance in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding
tissues together. Fibers used by man can be classified as follows.
• Natural fibers include those produced by plants, animals, and
geological processes. They can be classified according to their origin
and are described as follows:
• Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose,
often with lignin: examples include cotton, linen, hemp jute, flax,
ramie, and sisal. Plant fibers serve in the manufacture of paper and
cloth.
Geosynthetics

• Geosynthetics are made of polypropylene, nylon, PVC and other

synthetic materials. These are being used for a variety of
innovating usage in civil engineering construction works
• Table given have Some of the popular usages are for
reinforcement, separation, drainage, filtration and moisture
barrier, seepage control, foundations and pavements. The success
and increasing popularity of geosynthetic application in various
civil engineering works can he attributed to a number of
advantages associated with its usage,
Functions of fabrics in various civil
engineering applications
Geotextiles

• are any permeable textile material used with foundation, soil,

rock, earth or any geotechnical engineering related material, as
an integral part of man-made project, structure or system. These
are generally synthetic polymeric materials and consist of either
woven or nonwoven fabrics and are generally used for separation,
drainage, filtration and reinforcement.
Paint

• Paint is a liquid surface coating. On drying it forms a thin film on

the painted surface
• Paints in common use are classified as oil paints, water paints,
cement paints and bituminous paints. There are some "special
paints" used for special purposes e.g. Heat resisting or fireproof
paints, chlorinated rubber paints (for protection against acid
fumes etc.), luminous paints (for visibility of painted surfaces in
the dark) etc.
Paint

• COMPOSITION OF OIL PAINTS

• Oil paints consist essentially of Base, Vehicle (always an oil,
generally raw or boiled linseed oil), Colouring pigments, Solvent or
thinner, Drier and Inert filler.
• By suitable variation of the type and proportion of the various
constituents the paints can be made dry, glossy or flat as desired.
Other properties such as permeability to water could also be
varied accordingly
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PAINT

a) It should have a good body or spreading power.

b) It should work smoothly and freely and be capable of being laid in a thin
coat with the brush.
c) It should form durable, tough and resistant to wear film on drying.
d) Colour of paint should not fade or change.
e) It should not crack on drying.
f) It should give a smooth and pleasing appearance showing no brush marks on
drying.
g) It should dry quickly.
h) It should not damage the painted surface.
PLASTICS

• Plastics, mostly being synthetic materials, are available in market

a variety of forms to suit varied requirements. It is finding newer
and newer usages in building construction and is quickly replacing
many conventional materials like glass, ceramics and other
building materials due to the low temperature range in which they
can be brought to the plastic state and the consequent ease of
forming and fabrication and also for their low cost and easy
availability. It is being used for making fittings and fixtures to
meet aesthetic requirements and structural components to
withstand wear and tear.
PLASTICS

• There are a very large number of plastics with varying constituent

materials and varying properties and hence it is difficult to classify them
on the basis of properties of their chemical constituents. By varying the
proportions of the constituent materials the properties are affected very
much. The field of plastics is expanding very fast and it is difficult to
think of perfect classification on some basis.
• Conventionally, one important behavior of plastics in relation to heat is
considered as the basis for broadly classifying the plastics. Accordingly,
plastics are classified as:
a. Thermoplastics
b. Thermosets
Thermoplastics: Thermosetting:

• The thermoplastic variety softens on heating and hardens on

cooling, i.e., their hardness is a temporary property subjected to
change with rise or fall of temperature and can be brought again
to plastic stage on heating.
• Thermosetting plastic cannot be reused. They require great
pressure and momentary heat during moulding and finally get
hardened on cooling. The chemical reaction in this process cannot
be reversed. Once solidified they cannot be softened.
PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS

i. Plastics are very light in weight.

ii. Plastics have a low thermal conductivity.
iii. Plastics have generally low electrical conductivity.
iv. Plastics have great resistance to moisture and provide impermeable films for moisture
barriers.
v. These are easy to work upon.
vi. Plastics are available in a wide range of colors and shades.
vii. Plastics can be transparent, translucent or opaque.
viii. Plastics offer good resistance to attack by organic acids, bases, salts and living
organisms.
ix. Plastics are slow burning, self-extinguishing or even non-inflammable.
Acoustic

• The branch of physics that is concerned with the study of sound is

known as acoustics.
• Building acoustics is the science of controlling noise in buildings. This
includes the minimisation of noise transmission from one space to
another and the control of the characteristics of sound within spaces
themselves. ... The sound absorption, transmission and reflection
characteristics of materials separating spaces.
• Acoustical materials are a variety of foams, fabrics, metals, etc. used
to quiet workplaces, homes, automobiles, and so forth to increase the
comfort and safety of their inhabitants by reducing noise generated
both inside and outside of those spaces.
Acoustic