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    KG12403 CHP7 (Part 1)

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    Zulizah Natasha
    This document discusses entropy and its applications in thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measurable physical property associated with disorder or uncertainty. The document establishes the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes. It provides examples of calculating entropy changes for pure substances undergoing constant-volume and constant-pressure processes. Isentropic or reversible adiabatic processes that maintain constant entropy are also examined. Finally, the document introduces property diagrams involving entropy and differential relationships between entropy and other thermodynamic properties.

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    KG12403 CHP7 (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Zulizah Natasha
    12 views15 pages
    This document discusses entropy and its applications in thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measurable physical property associated with disorder or uncertainty. The document establishes the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes. It provides examples of calculating entropy changes for pure substances undergoing constant-volume and constant-pressure processes. Isentropic or reversible adiabatic processes that maintain constant entropy are also examined. Finally, the document introduces property diagrams involving entropy and differential relationships between entropy and other thermodynamic properties.

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    KG12403 CHP7 (part 1) (2)

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    This document discusses entropy and its applications in thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measurable physical property associated with disorder or uncertainty. The document establishes the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes. It provides examples of calculating entropy changes for pure substances undergoing constant-volume and constant-pressure processes. Isentropic or reversible adiabatic processes that maintain constant entropy are also examined. Finally, the document introduces property diagrams involving entropy and differential relationships between entropy and other thermodynamic properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    12 views15 pages

    KG12403 CHP7 (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Zulizah Natasha
    This document discusses entropy and its applications in thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measurable physical property associated with disorder or uncertainty. The document establishes the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes. It provides examples of calculating entropy changes for pure substances undergoing constant-volume and constant-pressure processes. Isentropic or reversible adiabatic processes that maintain constant entropy are also examined. Finally, the document introduces property diagrams involving entropy and differential relationships between entropy and other thermodynamic properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    7.

    0 Entropy
    (Week 9)
    Learning Outcomes

    • Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.


    • Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-law
    effects.
    • Establish the increase of entropy principle.
    • Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for
    pure substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases.
    • Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic
    processes, and develop the property relations for these processes.
    • Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems.

    2
    Entropy
    What Is Entropy? measurable physical property that is
    most commonly associated with a state
    of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.

    A pure crystalline substance at


    absolute zero temperature is in
    perfect order, and its entropy is zero
    (the third law of thermodynamics).
    Video on entropy:
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h1mVmndDOf1hPsxDgIWblKHnmI0P_7eV/view?usp=sharing
    3
    Clasius inequality

    Formal definition of
    entropy

    The equality in the Clausius inequality holds for totally or


    just internally reversible cycles and the inequality for the
    irreversible ones.
    4
    ▪ A quantity whose cyclic integral is
    zero (i.e., a property like volume)
    • Entropy is an extensive property of
    a system.

    A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer


    Processes

    *This equation is particularly useful for determining the entropy changes of thermal energy reservoirs.
    5
     The Increase Of Entropy Principle

    or

    The equality holds for an internally reversible process


    and the inequality for an irreversible process.

    Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process, and


    this generation is due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities.

    The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.


    6
    The increase of entropy principle or Sgen ≥ 0

    7
    Remarks about Entropy
    1. Processes can occur in a certain direction only, not in any direction.
    A process must proceed in the direction that complies with the
    increase of entropy principle, that is, Sgen ≥ 0. A process that violates
    this principle is impossible.
    2. Entropy is a non-conserved property, and there is no such thing as
    the conservation of entropy principle. Entropy is conserved during
    the idealized reversible processes only and increases during all
    actual processes.
    3. The performance of engineering systems is degraded by the
    presence of irreversibilities, and entropy generation is a measure of
    the magnitudes of the irreversibilities during that process.

    8
     Entropy Change Of Pure Substances

    ▪ Entropy is a property, and thus the value of Entropy change;


    entropy of a system is fixed once the state of the
    system is fixed.

    9
    Example: Constant V Process
    Solution:
    A rigid tank contains 5 kg
    of refrigerant-134a initially
    at 20C and 140 kPa. The
    refrigerant is now cooled
    while being stirred until its
    pressure drops to 100
    kPa. Determine the
    entropy change of the
    refrigerant during this
    process.

    10
    Example: Constant P Process
    Solution:
    A piston–cylinder device
    initially contains 3 lbm of
    liquid water at 20 psia and
    70F. The water is now
    heated at constant
    pressure by the addition
    of 3450 Btu of heat.
    Determine the entropy
    change of the water
    during this process.

    11
     Isentropic Processes
    A process during which the entropy remains constant is called an
    isentropic process (Adiabatic reversible process)

    Q=0

    12
    Example Solution:
    Steam enters an adiabatic
    turbine at 5 MPa and 450C
    and leaves at a pressure of
    1.4 MPa. Determine the
    work output of the turbine
    per unit mass of steam if
    the process is reversible.

    13
    Property Diagrams Involving Entropy

    On a T-S diagram, the area


    under the process curve
    represents the heat transfer
    for internally reversible
    processes.

    Mollier diagram: The h-s diagram


    14
    The T ds relations

    the first T ds, or Gibbs equation:

    the second T ds equation:

    Differential changes in entropy in terms of other properties


    15

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