WARD CLASS Click to edit Master subtitle style ON FIRST-AID & WOUND CARE

PREPARED BY: ZENAIDA FLOR DE MAY Y . ZOSIMA AND ARTLENE MAER CORSAME

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INTRODUCTI ON:
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FIRST-AID
the immediate assistance or treatment given to someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other appropriately qualified person.

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Aims of first-aid To preserve life and limb To prevent the patients condition from worsening To promote recovery

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Priorities
Assess the situation Make the area safe Assess all the casualties and give emergency first aid Get help

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Resuscitation
is a procedure indented to revive a heart and lung arrest within 3 to 4 minutes, from the time the heartbeat and breathing stops prevent death or irreversible brain damage.

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The ABC of Resuscitation A-irway

B-reathing

C-irculation

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Check the casualtys response Breathe for the casualty Assess for circulation Commence CPR

The Resuscitation Sequence

Open the airway and check breathing

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Common Problems of School-Age Children and their Management

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Wounds and Wound Care

Types: According to degree of contamination

Clean Clean-contaminated Contaminated Dirty or infected

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According to how they are acquired (extent of tissue layers involved)

Incision Contusion Abrasion Puncture

Laceration
Penetrating Wound
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Incision
Clean cut from a sharp edge such as a broken glass Open wound; deep or shallow; painful

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Contusion
Closed

wound caused by a blow to body by blunt object; contusion or bruise characterized by swelling, discoloration, and pain

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Abrasion
A superficial

wound in which the top layers of the skin are scraped off, leaving raw tender area Open wound involving the skin
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Puncture
A wound

with small entry site, but a deep track of internal damage Penetration of the skin and the underlying tissues by a sharp instrument, either intentional or unintentional
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Laceration
A crushing or ripping forces which results in rough tears or lacerations Tissues torn apart, often from accident

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Penetrating wound
Penetration

of the skin and the underlying tissues, usually unintentional

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Serous Purulent Sanguineous

Mixed Types

Kinds of Wound Drainage/Exudates

serosanguineous purosanguineous
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Factors Affecting Wound Healing

Developmental Considerations Nutrition Lifestyle Medications

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Wound Care
Guidelines in cleaning wounds
Use solutions such as isotonic saline or tap water to clean or irrigate wounds. If antimicrobial solutions are used, make sure they are well diluted. When possible, warm the solution to body temperature before use. If a wound is grossly contaminated by foreign material, bacteria, slough, or necrotic tissue, clean the wound at every dressing change.

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If a wound is clean, has little exudates, and reveals healthy granulation tissue, avoid repeated cleaning. Use gauze squares. Avoid using cotton balls and other products that shed fibers into the wound surface.

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Clean superficial noninfected wounds by irrigating them with normal saline.

To retain wound moisture, avoid drying a wound after cleaning it.

Hold cleaning sponges with forceps or with a sterile gloved hand. Clean from the wound in an outward direction to avoid transferring organisms from the surrounding skin into the wound.

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Consider not cleaning the wound at all if it appears to be clean.

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Burns and Scalds

Burns results to excessive exposure to
thermal, chemical, electric, or radioactive agents

scald is a burn from a hot liquid or

vapour, such as steam.

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First-degree burn

Types and Assessment Findings

Second-degree burn

Third-degree burn

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First Aid Measures

Remove the child from the cause of burning without endangering yourself. the burn under cold water at least 10 minutes. the burn is minor remove clothing from the affected area. the burn is more serious, remove clothing only if it is stuck to the burn and you can do so easily and without doing more harm. Do this after cooling with water.
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Hold If If

 Loosen Cover

tight clothing and removed any jewellery, because the burnt area may swell. the burn with clingfilm or a clean, nonfluffy cloth (handkerchief, pillow case or linen/cotton tea towel). Or put a clean plastic bag over a foot, hand, arm or leg. not apply any lotions, creams or fats. not burst blisters or use adhesive dressings. the child to the neatest Accident and Emergency
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Do Do

Take

Watch

for signs of shock.

Tips on Prevention
Never Keep

leave children alone around open flames, stoves or candles. matches, gasoline, lighters and other flammable materials out of childrens reach. children a plan for escaping your home in a fire and practice it! smoke alarms in your home on every level and in every sleeping area, testing them once a month and replacing the batteries at least twice a year. bathing children in heated water, 4/22/12 always run your open hand through the water

Teach Install

Before

 Keep

hot foods and liquids away from table and counter edges. Never carry children and hot foods or liquids at the same time. sure that pot handles are turned towards the stove when cooking so that a child cannot accidentally grab the handle and spill the contents. things that easily catch fire (such as papers) away from heat sources like stoves, heaters and fireplaces.

Make

Keep

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Bruises and Sprains

Bruise Sprain

First Aid Measures

Bruises
Raise the injured part
Apply firm pressure with your hand
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Sprain (Follow the RICE procedure) Rest

Ice pack or cold compress Compress the injury

Elevate and support the injured limb

Dipped Take or send the casualty to the hospital

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Nosebleed
Definition and Cause - a hemorrhage from the nose caused by
the rupture of tiny, distended vessel in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.

First Aid measures

Let the child sit down Pinch the nostrils. Reassure and encourage her not to sniff, swallow, cough, or even speak. Release the nostrils to see if the nosebleed has stopped
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If the nosebleed has stopped, ask her to remain leaning forward. The child now needs to rest for a while

Definition and Cause - caused by a brief restriction in blood flow to the brain, which usually corrects itself quickly. Children may faint out of hunger, fear or pain, or if they have to stand without moving for a long time.

Fainting

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First Aid Measures

Watch for signs of dizziness, sickness or weakness, very pale face, briefly losing consciousness, and slow pulse. the child down, raise his/her legs and support them. any clothing that is tight-fitting and provide fresh air. calm reassurance. a sugary drink or small snack to raise the sugar level in her blood. Do not offer4/22/12 or drink if she is not fully food

Lie

Loosen Give Offer

Hyperventilation
Definition and Cause
- is rapid or deep breathing, usually caused by anxiety or panic.

Signs and Symptoms

Your heart pounds. It feels like you can't get enough air You feel tingling and numbness in the arms, legs, and around the mouth.
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First aid measures

Have the hyperventilating person breathe slowly into a paper bag that's held closely around his or her mouth and nose person should breathe like this for five to seven minutes. to the individual the entire time. Try to distract him or her and make the person feel comfortable and safe. symptoms fail to improve or the person loses consciousness, take him or her to the emergency room. 4/22/12

The

Talk

If

Animal Bites
Insect Bites First Aid Measure
First

aid measure: Use antipruritic agents and baths; Administer antihistamines and prevent secondary infection the area under cool running water or put a cold compress on it for a few minutes to reduce pain and swelling. the sting is inside the mouth give an icecold drink to sip or ice cubes to suck.
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Rinse

If

 If

the swelling gets worse or the child's breathing is affected, call an ambulance and monitor the child's airway, breathing, and circulation (the ABC of resuscitation) until the ambulance arrives.

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First Aid Measure Superficial Bites - Bites that puncture only the skin can be safely treated at home.

Dogs and Rodents

Wash the wound thoroughly with warm, soapy water. Wash away any dirt by rinsing the wound under running water for several minutes. 4/22/12

Deep Bites

- Bites that penetrate deep

into the tissues beneath the skin needs medical expert. Put a clean pad over the wound and press down on it to control the bleeding. Raise the injured part of the body above the level of the heart to reduce blood flow to the wound. Cover the bite. Use either a clean pad or a sterile dressing. Bandage it firmly. Take the child to the accident and emergency department or to the doctor.
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Seizures (Convulsions)
Definition and Cause - convulsion, or fit, consists of involuntary contractions of many of the muscles in the body, cause by a disturbance in the function of the brain. Convulsions usually result in loss of, or impaired, consciousness.

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Types Seizures
Minor Major

Epilepsy Epilepsy

Signs and Symptoms

Minor Epilepsy
sudden slight

switching off; like the casualty may be staring blankly ahead. or localised twitching or jerking of the lips, eyelids, head or limbs.
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Major Epilepsy
the

casualty suddenly falls unconscious, often letting out a cry. may cease. The lips may show grey-blue tinge (cyanosis) and the face and neck may become congested. movement begin. The jaw may be clenched and breathing may be noisy. Saliva may appear at the mouth, blood stained if lips or tongue have been bitten. There may be loss of bladder or bowel control.
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Breathing

Convulsive

First Aid Measures

Help

Minor Epilepsy

the casualty to sit down in a quiet place. Remove any possible sources of harm, for example hot drinks or sharp objects, from the immediate vicinity. to her calmly and reassuringly. Do not pester her with questions. Stay with her until you are sure she is herself again. If the casualty does not recognize and know about her condition, advise her to consult her own
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Talk

Major Epilepsy
If

you see the casualty falling, try to support him or ease his fall. Make space around him and ask bystanders to move away. clothing around his neck and, if possible, protect his head. the convulsions cease, place him in the recovery position. Check breathing and pulse, be prepared to resuscitate if necessary. Stay with him until he is fully recovered.
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Loosen When

Poisoning
- It can occur as a result of accidents, or be caused by eating contaminated food or poisonous plants. Drugs and alcohol can also poison the body.

First Aid Measures

v v v

Swallowed Poison Inhaled Poison Absorbed Poison

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Tips on Prevention

Keep toxic chemicals out of childrens reach and sight (not under the sink). medicines in a locked cupboard. poisonous household substances in their original containers. Never store them in old soft drinks bottles; children are commonly misled by such container and try to drink the contents. medicines and household substances in child-resistant containers.
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Keep

Leave

Buy

Dispose

appropriately of unwanted

Fractures
Definition a break in the rigid structure and continuity of a bone; and is known as the most common type of bone lesion
Common Types Closed Open

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First Aid Measures

Closed Fracture
Tell the casualty to keep still and steady and support the injured part with your hands until it is immobilised For firmer support, secure the injured part to a sound part of

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Open Fracture

Cover the wound with a clean pad or sterile dressing and apply pressure to control the bleeding. touching an open wound with your fingers, carefully place some clean padding over and around the dressing. If bone is protruding, build up pads of soft, non-fluffy material around the bone until you can bandage over the pads. the dressing and padding: bandage firmly, but not so tightly that the circulation is impeded.
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Without

Secure

Drowning
- is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.

First aid measures

v v v

Carry the child out of the water with the head lower than the chest. Get another adult to call an ambulance. Don't bother trying to get water out of the lungs . the child will cough it out as she starts to breathe.
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If the child is conscious:

Wrap Take

her in dry clothes coats or towels and get her into clothes. her to the hospital. She might have inhaled some water, which may damage her lungs.

If the child is unconscious:

Call an ambulance. her airway, breathing and circulation.

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Assess

Thank you for listening!!!!

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Evaluation

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Bibliography:

Bale, S. & Jones, V. (1197). Wound Care

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