Antenna Transmission

TRANSMISSION
MEDIA & ANTENNA

SYSTEM
Introduction
In the study of communications systems:
1. Transmitter
2. Channel
3. Receiver
A signal can proceed from the transmitter to a
receiver by means of a channel:
a. cable
b. radio
c. other electromagnetic means
TRANSMISSION LINES
 Transmission lines are used to carry
electromagnetic energy from one point to
another .
 It means it transfer from one point to
another. Generally it consists of two
conductors.
 It is used to connect a source to a load.
 The source may be a transmitter or an
electric generator and the load may be an
antenna.
 Transmission lines are used for
operational frequencies equal to or less
than about 3GHz. Above 3GHz they will be
replaced by waveguides.
 Transmission lines are commonly used in
power systems for power transmission.
 These lines can be used as circuit
elements like capacitors, inductors at ultra
high frequencies(300-3000MHz)
 Types of Transmission Lines
 (a) Two wire transmission line:-
This transmission line consists of a pair of
parallel conducting wires separated by a
uniform distance .These are used in power
systems or telephones lines.
 (b) Coaxial transmission line:- This
consists of an inner and a coaxial outer
conducting sheath separated by a
dielectric medium . They are used as TV
cables, telephones cables and power
cables.
 c) Parallel plate transmission line
or planar line:- It has two parallel
conducting plates separated by a dielectric
slab of uniform thickness
 (d) Optical fibres transmission line :-
It consists of core and cladding .
Information passes through the core in
the form of totally internal reflected TEM
waves.
 Coaxial cables are referred to as
unbalanced lines because of their lack of
symmetry with respect to ground (usually
the outer conductor is grounded).
 Parallel lines are usually operated as
balanced lines; that is, the impedance to
ground from each of the two wires is
equal.
This ensure that the currents in the two
wires will be equal in magnitude and
opposite in sign, reducing both radiation
from cable and its susciptibility to outside
interference.
Twisted pairs of wires are often used as a
transmission lines for relatively low
frequencies, because of their low cost and
because of the large amount of twisted-
pair line that is already installed as part of
the telephone system.
Note: Transmission lines become more
complex in their behavior as frequency
increases.
Resistance in the conductors, inductive
and capacitive effects become important
since these factors are more important
with higher frequencies and longer lines.
 Electrical Model of a Transmission Line:
Factors that must be considered in the
analysis of a transmission lines using the
distributed rather than lumped constants.
1. There is resistance of the line.
Resistance increases with frequency.
Any current flow in a conductor is
associated with a magnetic field, both
within the conductor and in the space
surrounding.
 At high frequency, the magnetic field
within the conductor causes most of the
current to flow near its surface.
 - as the frequency increases, the region of
high current density becomes thinner,
reducing the effective cross-sectional area
and increasing the resistance of the
conductor.
 2. Conductance of the dielectric.
Low frequency, it is very small, then it is
negligible.
But dielectrics tend to become more
lossy as the freq. increases.
 -any transmission model shall have both
inductance as well capacitance, since any
conductor or combination of conductors
has inductance as well as resistance.
There is also capacitance bet. Two
conductors separated by a dielectric.
 The impedance parameters L, R, C, and G
represent:
 L = series inductance per unit length
 R = series resistance per unit length
 C = shunt capacitance per unit length
 G = shunt conductance per unit length.
 - at dc and low freqs., the inductance has
no effect bec. Its reactance is very small
compared with the resistance of the line.
 Likewise, the reactance of the shunt
capacitance is very large, so the effect of
the capacitance is negligible.
 Therefore, the line is characterized by its
resistance and possibly by the
conductance of the dielectric, though this
can usually be neglected.
 As the freq. increases, the inductance and
capacitance begin to have an effect.
 The higher the freq., the larger the series
inductive reactance and the lower the
parallel capacitive reactance.
 This line is called lossless, since the
inductive and capacitive reactances are
stored but do not dissipate.

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TRANSMISSION

MEDIA & ANTENNA

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