Cognitive

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 1
UNIT- 13
PERSONALITY
Prepared by
Poonam Rana
Department of Psychiatric Nursing
MN,10Th Batch
Piaget theory of cognitive development
1/5/2023
NMC, NC 2
General Objective:
• At the end of the class, B.Sc Nursing and BNS 2 nd year students will
be able to explain about Cognitive development Theory of Jean Piaget.

Specific Objectives:
At the end of the class, B.Sc Nursing and BNS 2 nd year students will be
able to:
• define the terms
• describe about the Component of Jean Piaget’s
• explain about the Stages of Cognitive Development theory of Jean
Piaget’s
• explain the application of theory

Introduction (1/2)
• Jean Piaget ( August 9, 1896- September 16, 1980) was
Swiss psychologist who developed Cognitive
Development theory suggests that children's
intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
• He is a natural scientist and developmental

psychologist well known for his work studying children
and his theory of cognitive development.

Introduction (2/2)
• Piaget studied children from infancy to adolescence, and carried out

many of his own investigations using his three children .
• Cognitive Development is the combined result between the maturity of

the brain and nervous system with the environment adjustments.

There are three basic components of cognitive development:
1. Schemas
2. Adaptations
i. Assimilation
ii. Accommodation
iii. Equilibrium
3. Stages of Development

Key concepts
1.Schema : (categories of knowledge ):
• Knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.
2. Adaptation : Intellectual growth as a process of adaptation which result

from 3 processes:
i. Assimilation (adding to an existing schema)
Using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.

ii. Accommodation (Changing on existing schema):
Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering and existing

schemas in light of new information, a process known as accommodation.
iii. Equilibration:
A balance between applying previous knowledge (assimilation) and

changing behavior to account for new knowledge (accommodation).

Stages of Cognitive Development:
• Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development state that children move

through four different stages of intellectual development which reflect the
increasing difficulty of children’s thought.
• His theory focuses on understanding how children acquire knowledge

regarding fundamental concepts such as object permanence, number,
categorization, quantity, causality and justice.

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development include:
1. Sensorimotor: Birth to ages 18-24 months

2. Preoperational: Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood
(age 7)
3. Concrete Operational: Age 7 to 11 years
4. Formal operational: Adolescence to Adulthood

1. Sensory Motor Stage (0-2 years)
• During this stage child received the information through all the senses
and motor actions.
• The child tries to make sense of the world during this stage by
coordinating sensory experiences (seeing, hearing) with motor actions
(reaching, touching).
• Object permanence or object constancy develop when they grow older.

Six sub-stages of first stage given by Piaget:
1. Stages of Reflex activities: (birth to 1 month)
2. Primary circular reactions: (1-4 months)
3. Secondary circular reactions : (4-8 months)
4. Coordination of secondary reactions: (8-12 months):
5. Tertiary circular reactions: (12-18 months)
6. Early representation thought: (18- 24 months):

1. Stage of reflex activities: (birth to 1 month)
The child understands the environment purely through

inborn reflexes or Building knowledge through reflexes
(Grasping, Sucking)

2.Primary circular reactions :(1-4 months)
• Sensation and schema get coordinated.
• Primary - Infants focus on their own bodies
• Circular – Repetition
• Actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.

3. Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 Months)
• The child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally
repeat their action to get a response form the environment.
"Out of sight, out of mind".

4. Coordination of secondary Reaction (8-12 Months)
• After repeatedly observing that certain actions lead to

certain consequences, infants gradually acquire
knowledge of cause-effect relationships.
• Example a child might realize that a rattle will make a

sound when shaken.
• During this substage, the child starts to show clearly

intentional actions.
• At this stage, Object permanence is acquired.

5. Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18
Months)
• This is a stage of Trial and Error.
• Explore their surroundings, make

mistakes and repeat their mistake to seek
attention form their caregivers.

6. Early Representational Thought(18-24 Months)
• Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in

the world in the final sensorimotor substage.
• During this time, children begin to move towards understanding

the world through mental operations rather than purely through
actions.
• Repetitions of others behavior after it has occurred. (imitation)

2. Pre Operational Stage (2-7 years)
• During this stage, young children can think
about things symbolically.
• They begin to use language, memory and
imagination.
• there are two sub-stages of this stage

1. Pre-conceptual stage (2-4 years)
i. Egocentrism: Children believe that their way of thinking is the only

way to think.
ii. Animism: Children tend to refer to inanimate objects as if they have

life-like qualities and are capable of actions.

2. Intuitive stage (4-7 years)
• Difficulty in conservation .
• Cannot do reversible thinking.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
• Can do operation on concrete objects but find it hard to solve abstract

problems.
• During this stage children begin to thinking logically about concrete
event.
• Begin to understand the concept of conservation.
• Understanding of reversibility

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
• Elimination of ego-centrism and begin to think about how other

people might think and feel.
• During this stage, the child begin to develop transitivity, seriation

classification and decentric.

Seriation
Transitivity

4. Formal Operational Stage (12 years-Adulthood)
• The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an increase in logic, during this
time, thinking moves from concrete to abstract.
• The ability to think about the hypothetical possibilities and to solve

problems through logical deductions and in a systematic manner.
• Begins to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to

specific information as well as inductive logic.
Applications of Piaget's theory (1/3)
• Teach parent about process of child's cognitive development and the

implications for education purchasing of toys and interactions.
• Assess cognitive development to determine language and abstraction

level to use in therapy.

• This theory provides broad development perspective to the

teachers and curriculum designer to make a better curriculum
for the children.
• Emphasis on discovery approach in learning because child

learn faster by doing things, rather than hearing about them.

• Use collaborative, as well as individual activities because Kids learn

as much from each other as from parents or teachers.

• Summarization

12/25/2022 Emotion 31

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1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 1

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 3

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 4

• He is a natural scientist and developmental

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 5

• Piaget studied children from infancy to adolescence, and carried out

• Cognitive Development is the combined result between the maturity of

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 6

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 7

• Knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.

2. Adaptation : Intellectual growth as a process of adaptation which result

i. Assimilation (adding to an existing schema)

Using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 8

Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering and existing

A balance between applying previous knowledge (assimilation) and

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 9

• Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development state that children move

• His theory focuses on understanding how children acquire knowledge

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 10

1. Sensorimotor: Birth to ages 18-24 months

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 11

• Object permanence or object constancy develop when they grow older.

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 12

1. Stages of Reflex activities: (birth to 1 month)

2. Primary circular reactions: (1-4 months)

3. Secondary circular reactions : (4-8 months)

4. Coordination of secondary reactions: (8-12 months):

5. Tertiary circular reactions: (12-18 months)

6. Early representation thought: (18- 24 months):

The child understands the environment purely through

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 14

• Sensation and schema get coordinated.

• Primary - Infants focus on their own bodies

• Actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 15

"Out of sight, out of mind".

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 16

• After repeatedly observing that certain actions lead to

• Example a child might realize that a rattle will make a

• During this substage, the child starts to show clearly

• At this stage, Object permanence is acquired.

• This is a stage of Trial and Error.

• Explore their surroundings, make

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 18

• Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in

• During this time, children begin to move towards understanding

• Repetitions of others behavior after it has occurred. (imitation)

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 19

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 20

i. Egocentrism: Children believe that their way of thinking is the only

ii. Animism: Children tend to refer to inanimate objects as if they have

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 21

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 22

• Can do operation on concrete objects but find it hard to solve abstract

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 23

• Elimination of ego-centrism and begin to think about how other

• During this stage, the child begin to develop transitivity, seriation

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 24

1/5/2023 Piaget theory of cognitive development 25