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    Frankia Seminar

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    Shalini M
    Frankia is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that lives in the soil and has a symbiotic relationship with many plants. It produces three cell types - sporangiospores, hyphae, and diazo-vesicles, with the vesicles being responsible for supplying nitrogen to the host plant. Frankia enters into the plant roots through root hair infection or intercellular penetration and forms nodules where it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into a form the plant can use, adding nitrogen to ecosystems. The expression of nif genes encoding nitrogenase and regulatory proteins is induced under low nitrogen and oxygen conditions and regulated by the nif regulon to facilitate nitrogen fixation.

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    Frankia Seminar

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    Shalini M
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    Frankia is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that lives in the soil and has a symbiotic relationship with many plants. It produces three cell types - sporangiospores, hyphae, and diazo-vesicles, with the vesicles being responsible for supplying nitrogen to the host plant. Frankia enters into the plant roots through root hair infection or intercellular penetration and forms nodules where it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into a form the plant can use, adding nitrogen to ecosystems. The expression of nif genes encoding nitrogenase and regulatory proteins is induced under low nitrogen and oxygen conditions and regulated by the nif regulon to facilitate nitrogen fixation.

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    Frankia is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that lives in the soil and has a symbiotic relationship with many plants. It produces three cell types - sporangiospores, hyphae, and diazo-vesicles, with the vesicles being responsible for supplying nitrogen to the host plant. Frankia enters into the plant roots through root hair infection or intercellular penetration and forms nodules where it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into a form the plant can use, adding nitrogen to ecosystems. The expression of nif genes encoding nitrogenase and regulatory proteins is induced under low nitrogen and oxygen conditions and regulated by the nif regulon to facilitate nitrogen fixation.

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    1K views20 pages

    Frankia Seminar

    Uploaded by

    Shalini M
    Frankia is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that lives in the soil and has a symbiotic relationship with many plants. It produces three cell types - sporangiospores, hyphae, and diazo-vesicles, with the vesicles being responsible for supplying nitrogen to the host plant. Frankia enters into the plant roots through root hair infection or intercellular penetration and forms nodules where it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into a form the plant can use, adding nitrogen to ecosystems. The expression of nif genes encoding nitrogenase and regulatory proteins is induced under low nitrogen and oxygen conditions and regulated by the nif regulon to facilitate nitrogen fixation.

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    THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF

    SCIENCE
    SEMINAR ON

    SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION BY FRANKIA


    Guided by: Presented by:
    Mrs. Deepika ma'am ANISHA P
    Assistant professor P03MS21S0167
    Department of microbiology
    NITROGEN FIXATION
     Nitrogen is fixed, or combined, in nature as nitric oxide by lightning and ultraviolet
    rays, but more significant amounts of nitrogen are fixed as ammonia, nitrites, and
    nitrates by soil microorganisms.
     More than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation is effected by them.
     Two kinds of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms are recognized:
    Free-living (nonsymbiotic) bacteria, including the cyanobacteria (or blue-green
    algae) Anabaena and Nostoc and genera such as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia,
    and Clostridium.
    Mutualistic (symbiotic) bacteria such as Rhizobium, associated with leguminous
    plants, and various Azospirillum species, associated with cereal grasses.
    nif GENES
     The nif genes are genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric
    nitrogen.
     The primary enzyme encoded by the nif genes is the nitrogenase complex which is
    in charge of converting atmospheric nitrogen to other nitrogen forms such as
    ammonia, which plants can use for various purposes.
     Besides the nitrogenase enzyme, the nif genes also encode a number of regulatory
    proteins involved in nitrogen fixation.
     The expression of the nif genes is induced as a response to low concentrations of
    fixed nitrogen and oxygen concentrations (the low oxygen concentrations are
    actively maintained in the root environment).
     Nitrogen fixation is regulated by nif regulon, which is a set of seven operons which
    includes 17 nif genes.
     Nif genes have both positive and negative regulators. Some of nif genes are: Nif A,
    D, L,K, F,H S,U,Y,W,Z.
     Activation of nif genes transcription is done by the nitrogen sensitive NifA protein.
    When there isn’t enough fixed nitrogen factor available for the plant’s use, NtrC,
    which is a RNA polymerase, triggers NifA’s expression.
     NifA then activates the rest of the transcription for the nif genes.
     If there is a sufficient amount of reduced nitrogen or oxygen is present, another
    protein is activated, NifL.
     In turn, NifL inhibits NifA activity, which results in the inhibition of nitrogenase
    formation. NifL is then regulated by other proteins that are sensors for the levels of
    O2 and ammonium in the surrounding environment.
     The nif genes can be found on bacteria’s chromosomes, but many times they are
    found on bacteria’s plasmids with other genes related to nitrogen fixation, such as the
    genes needed for the bacteria to communicate with the plant host.
    FRANKIA

    Frankia is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that lives in the soil and has a symbiotic relationship
    with many plants.

    The actinomycete Frankia is of fundamental and ecological interests for several reasons
    including its wide distribution, its ability to fix nitrogen, differentiate into sporangium and
    vesicles (specialized cell for nitrogen-fixation), and to nodulate plants from about 24
    genera.

    Species of the Frankia Genus are Gram positive bacteria. Frankia sp. are filamentous
    nitrogen-fixing bacterium that grow by branching and tip extension and thus resemble the
    antibiotic-producing Streptomyces sp. . They live in the soil and have a symbiotic
    relationship with certain woody angiosperms, called actinorhizal plants. During growth, the
     Frankia sp. produce three cell types: sporangiospores, hyphae, and diazo-vesicles
    (spherical, thick walled, lipid-enveloped cellular structures).
     The diazo-vesicles are responsible for the supplying of sufficient Nitrogen to the host
    plant during symbiosis.
     Frankia supplies most or all of the host plant nitrogen needs without added nitrogen
    and thus can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with host plants where nitrogen is
    the limiting factor in the growth of the host.
     Therefore, actinorhizal plants colonize and often prosper in soils that are low in
    combined nitrogen.
     Symbiosis of this kind adds a large proportion of new nitrogen to several ecosystems
    such as temperate forests, dry chaparral, sand dunes, mine wastes, & etc.
    NODULATION PROCESS
     Frankia cells enter symbioses by root hair infection or intracellular i.e., within a cell or
    by a process of intercellular penetration of root epidermis and cortex.
     Root hair infection is characterized by a root hair branching and curling.
     Only one root hair infection is required for nodulation and where multiple root hairs are
    infected cortical infection is related to only one root hair infection.
     Cells of the hypodermis and cortex divide in response to the invasion to form a
    prenodule.
     Prenodule formation resulting from mitotic activity I the root cortical cells is observed
    only during the intercellular infection process.
     Frankia hyphae penetrate through the prenodule tissue into the inner cortex of the
    root.
     The nodule itself into the inner cortex of the root. The nodule itself develops in the
    same manner as a lateral root, with primary nodule primordia arising in the
    pericycle, endodermis.
     The Frankia hyphae penetrate cells of the developing nodule lobe primordia to form
    the infected nodule.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    1. Ngom.M., Oshnoe, R.Diagne,N,Cissoko, M., Svistoonoff S. Tisa.L.S., & Chapion A.


    (2016). Tolerance to environmental stress by the nitrogen fixation actinobacterium Frankia
    and its role in actinorhizal plants adaptation. Symbiosis, 70, 17-29

    2. Santi.C.BIgus.D., &Franchi.C (2013). Biological nitrogen fixation in non-legume plants.


    Annals of Botany, 111 (5), 743-767.

    3. Thang.W., Chen.Y., Hang.K., Wang.F., &Mei.Z, (2023). Molecular Mechanism and


    Agricultural Application of the NIfA-NIfL. System for nitrogen fixation. International jounal
    of molecular sciences. 24 (2), 907.
    Previously asked questions

    3M- Frankia (2019,2022)

    5M- Symbiotic nitrogen fixation


    THANK
    YOU

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