Maintain Small Businesses Networks

CNET 4

Instructor:
Eng. Ameera Hasan AL-Jermozi

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 Assessment
 Portfolio 70%
Quizzes 20%
Assignments 10%
Written reports 20%
Oral presentation 10%
Attendance 10%

 Written Final Exam 30%

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Small Businesses Networks Maintenance
 Network maintenance basically means you have to do what
it takes in order to keep a network up and running and it
includes a number of tasks:
• Troubleshooting network problems.
• Hardware and software installation/configuration.
• Monitoring and improving network performance.
• Planning for future network growth.
• Creating network documentation and keeping it up-to-
date.
• Ensuring compliance with company policies.
• Ensuring compliance with legal regulations.
• Securing the network against all kind of threats.
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 The Troubleshooting Process
 Most people rely on instinct to help troubleshoot
 Important to maintain documentation to help in the
process
– record problems encountered
– what steps were taken to determine the cause
– what steps have been taken to make sure it doesn’t occur
again.

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 The Troubleshooting Process
 Step 1 – Gather information
– Question the individual who has the problem
• end user experiences
• observation by the user
• error messages

 Step 2 – Collect information about affected equipment

– look at log files
– changes
– warranty information
– network monitoring tools
• used for larger networks

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 Troubleshooting Techniques
 Use OSI layered approach
 Top-down
– start at application layer
– work down until faulty error occurs
 Bottom-up
– start at physical layer and work up
– hardware, cabling, etc problems
– more complex
 Divide and Conquer
– begins in the middle layers
– based on experience

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 Approaches to Troubleshooting
 Trial and Error
– relies on an individual’s knowledge
– educated guess based on past experiences
– if it doesn’t work, try, try again

 Substitution
– problem assumed to be caused by a specific part
– the solution – replace the part
– used for inexpensive items
• cables, etc

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 Utilities Used to Detect Physical Problems
 Use your senses
 Sight
 Smell
 Touch
 Hearing

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 Utilities Used to Verify TCP/IP Connectivity
 Use CLI
 IP Config
– checks to make sure correct IP and subnet mask

 Ping
– verifies connectivity to other hosts

 Tracert
– traces the route of the packet

 Netstat
– show what networks are active

 Nslookup
– asks the name server for information
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 IP CONFIG commands
 Ipconfig - displays current IP configuration
– IP address
– Subnet Mask
– Default Gateway

 Ipconfig /all – displays additional information

– DHCP
– DNS information

 Ipconfig /release – used with DHCP

– release IP address

 Ipconfig /renew – used with DHCP

– refreshes IP

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 The Ping Command
 Used to determine whether or not the host is reachable
 Can be used with either an IP address of name of
destination
 Echo request – ping sent
 Echo reply – destination host responds
 Ping issues
– able to ping both IP and name, but unable to access
application
• problem likely at destination host
–Unable to ping both IP and name
• network connectivity problem
• if able to ping default gateway, problem not at local level

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 The Tracert Command
 Shows each hop along the way
 Tells how long it takes for the packet to be sent and get
a response (round trip time)
 30 hops – network/user deemed unreachable
– default settings
– can be changed

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 The Netstat Command
 Views open connections on a host
 Informs user about:
– protocols
– local address
– port numbers
– connection state

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 The Nslookup Command
 Allows end user to look up information about DNS
name and DNS server
 Used as a troubleshooting tool to see if DNS server has
the correct IP with the correct name

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 Hardware and Connection Issues in Wired &
Wireless Networks
 Use divide-and-conquer technique
 To determine where the problem exists:
– ping from wireless client to default gateway
– ping from wired client to default gateway
– ping wireless client to wired client

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 LED Indicators
 Used to show activity
 Security LED
– solid green = security enabled

 Link Lights
– solid green = plugged in with no traffic
– flashing green = plugged in with traffic
– amber = making adjustments

 Power LED
– solid green = operational

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 Cable Issues
 One of the most common problems
 Check for:
– correct cable type
– improper cable termination
– too long of cable runs
– verify correct ports
– protect cables from damage

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 Radio Problems with a Wireless Network
 What if . . .
– the wireless client is unable to connect to the access point

 Possible fixes:
– check wireless standards being used
– check channels
– check signal strength
• may be too far away from AP
– check for outside interference
– check available bandwidth
• too many clients on one channel

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 Association and Authentication Issues
 SSID
– make sure client is configured with the correct SSID

 Check Authentication
– open (by default)
– might have be changed
• check to make sure the correct key is being used

 Encryption
– key needed by the client

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 DHCP Problems
 Make sure the IP address of the client is on the same
network as the ISR
 If both client and access point are not on the same
network, use release and renew

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 ISR Router to the ISP Problems
 Wired and Wireless devices can connect to each other,
but not the Internet . . . Why??
 May be a connection between the access point and the
ISP
– check out the router status page
– check physical connections (including indicator lights)
– verify passwords
– may be that the Internet site is just down

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 Documentation
 Set a performance baseline
– do this just after the network is installed and running efficiently

 When documenting a problem, include the

following
– initial problem
– steps taken
– result of the steps
– determined cause of problem
– how the problem was resolved
– preventive measures taken

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 Using the Helpdesk
 Provides assistance for the end user to help fix a problem
– via email
– via live chat
– via phone
 Use of remote access
– help desk takes control of your machine
 Inform the help desk of the following:
– symptoms
– who had the problem
– when it happened
– steps taken
– results of steps taken

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 Summary
 Effective troubleshooting combines instinct, experience, and
structured techniques to identify, locate, and correct network or
computer problems.
 Documentation is essential in effective troubleshooting, and should
contain baseline information about the network.
 A large proportion of networking problems relate to physical
components.
 Many networking problems can be identified with software utilities
such as ping, tracert, and netstat.
 In a network containing both wired and wireless connections, it is
important to isolate the problem to either the wired or wireless
network.

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 Assignment 1

• Assessing security risks in small

business environments
• A list of security measures that can be
taken in a small business environment;
• A description how to use tools to find
network security weakness;

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