Router Initialization

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 Router components
Router is typically like a computer which operates with
Two main components

 Hardware (Router physical components )

Software components
• Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System)
 It is the operating system that manages the hardware
platform it is working on.

• Configuration File
 It is a program file that contains commands that
reflect how the router will react.

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 Router hardware components

1. Power Supply
2. CPU
3. Memory (RAM , NVRAM ,ROM ,Flash )
4. System bus
5. Interfaces
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 Router physical characteristics

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 Router Internal Components

RAM POST
Processor
BOTSTRAP
Router Interfaces
ROM
RXBOOT
Memory initial IOS
ROMMON
FLASH

NVRAM

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 Router external connections

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 Model Number : CISCO1841 Cisco 1841 Router

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 LAN Interfaces

 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces.

 Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP).
Router to switch: straight-through cable.
ITE PC v4.0 Router to router via Ethernet interfaces, or PC’s NIC to router’s Ethernet interface: crossover cable.
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 Connecting WAN interfaces

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 interfaces

Serial 0 Serial 1/1 Serial 1/1/1

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 Memory
 RAM
running copy of configuration file.
routing table
ARP cache
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 POST (Power On Self Test) used when router is powered up.
(initial IOS ) Scaled down version of operating system IOS (RXBOOT, ROMMON)
Router’s bootstrap program

 Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) (configuration file)

Stores startup configuration. (including IP addresses, Routing protocol)

 Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS)

 Internetwork Operating System (IOS) is the Cisco Devices Operating System
(Just like Microsoft Windows ® For PC)

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 Port LEDs during Switch POST
1. At the start, all port LEDs are green.
2. Each LED turns off after its test completes.
3. If a test fails, its LED turns amber.
4. System LED turns amber if any test fails.
5. If no test fails, POST completes.
6. On POST completion, LEDs blink then turn off.

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 BOOTSTRAP

 Find IOS

 Load it at the RAM

 Find configuration file

 Load it at the RAM

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 Loading the Cisco IOS Image from Flash Memory

• The flash memory file is decompressed into RAM.

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 Loading the Configuration

• Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM.

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 Router Access

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 How can access cisco device

Virtual terminal
Console port
Telnet

Auxiliary port

• Configurations can
come from many
sources

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Management port – Console Port connection

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 Serial Port

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 Rollover

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 Management port – AUX port connection

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 Telnet (remote access)
 Reachability
 Security

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 Router Configuration

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 Cisco Modes Devices

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 Setup mode
Permit the administrator to install a minimal configuration for a router -
( appeared if no saved configuration , Ctrl-C to skip )

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 Setup Mode

 The router will enter setup mode when:

 The contents of NVRAM have been erased with the
“erase start” command
 When the router is “out of the box” and has not been
initially configured
 After deleting the backup configuration and reloading
the router
 You can make the router enter setup mode by entering:
Router# setup

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 Show- Copy-erase-debug
Cisco IOS Software
enable
user mode privilleged mode
disable

Many show command

Exit Conf t

configuration mode
configuration command

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 ROUTER Modes

end

Sub-Configuration Mode
exit

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 Cisco Router Modes

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 User Mode
 The user mode allows only a limited number of basic monitoring commands.
 This is often referred to as a view only mode.
 The user mode level does not allow any commands that might change the
configuration of the router.

 The user mode can be identified by the > prompt.

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 Privileged Mode
 The privileged EXEC mode provides access to all router commands.
 This mode can be configured to require a password.
 Configuration and management commands require that the network
administrator be at the privileged EXEC level.
 Global configuration mode and all other more specific configuration modes
can only be reached from the privileged EXEC mode.
 The privileged EXEC mode can be identified by the # prompt.

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 Using CLI help
 Identify the types of help and feedback available while
using IOS and use these features to get help, take
shortcuts and ascertain success

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 Abbreviated commands (Router and Switch)

Router# sh inter

Same as

Router# show interfaces

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 IOS "examination" commands
 Identify the purpose of the show command and several
of its variations

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 Configuring Interfaces
 Identify the role of a router in a network.

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 Viewing, Saving and
Erasing the
Configurations

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 Loading the Cisco IOS Image
from Flash Memory

• The flash memory file is decompressed into RAM.

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 Loading the Configuration

• Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM.

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Router#show running-config running-config
Current configuration : 542 bytes
!
version 12.2
!  The running-config file is
interface FastEthernet0/0 the configuration in RAM
no ip address memory.
shutdown
duplex auto  All changes are made to
speed auto
!
the running-config file.
interface Serial0/0  This is the configuration
no ip address
shutdown that the router is currently
! using.
line con 0
line aux 0  The running-config is lost
line vty 0 4 when the router loses
!
end
power or reloads.
Router#  Privilege mode
command.
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Router# show startup-config startup-config
 The startup-config file is
startup-config is not present the saved configuration in
Router# NVRAM.
 If there is a startup-config
file in NVRAM when the
router boots up, this file
will be copied into
running-config.
 The running-config is
what the router will use.
 Privilege mode
command.

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 Copy running-config to startup-config

Router# copy running-config startup-config

Destination filename [startup- config]? <Press Enter>
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#show startup- config
Current configuration : 542 bytes
!
version 12.2
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
<text omitted>

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 Erase startup-config

Router#erase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files!
Continue? [confirm] <Press Enter>
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
Router#

 When you are done with the routers in the lab, please be sure to erase the startup-config.
 If you are starting a lab, and you do not get the message:
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
 You will need to erase the startup-config and reboot.
 Privilege mode command.
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 Cisco IOS copy Command
To save configuration file

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 Return the Device to Its Original Configuration

 Router# reload
 System configuration has been modified. Save?
[yes/no]: n
 Proceed with reload? [confirm]
 To erase the startup configuration file use erase
NVRAM:startup-config or erase startup-config at the
privileged EXEC mode prompt:
 Router# erase startup-config

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 Interpreting the Interface Status
S0/0
S0/1
Interface
is working
properly

Layer 1 status Layer 2 status

: Other interface status
- Serial0/1 is administratively down , line protocol is down
interface is shut down
Serial0/1 is down , line protocol is down -
interface or cable H/W failure ( no keep-alives )
Serial0/1 is up , line protocol is down -
different encapsulation type ( PPP , HDLC , FR ) or no clock rate
. on the DCE device
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 show ip interface brief
 To display the usability status of interfaces configured for various IP
addresses, use the show ip interface brief command in privileged mode.
 Router # show ip interface brief
 Interface Status (Layer 1 ) Protocol (Layer 2)
 FastEthernet0 administratively down down
 Serial 0 down down
 Serial 1 up down
 Serial 2 up up

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 How can access cisco device

Virtual terminal
Console port
Telnet

Auxiliary port

• Configurations can
come from many
sources

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Management port – Console Port connection

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 Connect Laptop to Router Console Port

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 LAN Interfaces

 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces.

 Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP).
Router to switch: straight-through cable.
ITE PC v4.0 Router to router via Ethernet interfaces, or PC’s NIC to router’s Ethernet interface: crossover cable.
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 Putty

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 Tera Term

 The terminal software is also required for accessing the router and switches. The Tera Term ,
Putty, and Hyper Terminal are usually used to access the router and switches on a console port.
Most of the Peoples use Putty software for console access. The figure below shows the terminal
window of putty.

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