HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

 Skeletal system consist of a framework of bones and

few cartilages.

 Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissue.

 Study of bones is called Kinesiology.

 Comparatively study of skull is called Craniology.

 Study of joints is called Arthrology.

 HUMAN SKELETON
SKELETON
a) Exoskeleton - Ectodermal in origin and non living
b) Endoskeleton - Mesodermal in origin and living
Exoskeleton is develops from epidermis.
E.g. – Nails, Horns, Hooves, Feathers, Scales, Claws etc.
Feathers Nails
Hoof
 HUMAN SKELETON  206 BONES + CARTILAGES

HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

(80 Bones) (126 Bones)

Bones Bones
Skull Vertebral Pectoral Pelvic
Sternum Ribs of fore of hind
skeleton column girdle girdle
(01) (24) limbs limbs
(29) (26) (2×2) (2)
(30×2) (30×2)
 SKULL SKELETON (29)

Skull bone-(22) Associated

skull bones-(07)
Cranial-8 Facial- 14
• Frontal-1 • Maxilla-2 Hyoid bone-1
• Parietal-2 • Palatine-2 Ear ossicles-2x3
• Temporal-2 • Zygomatic -2 • Malleus
• Occipital-1 • Nasal-2 • Incus
• Ethmoid-1 • Lacrymal-2 • Stapes
• Inferior
• Sphenoid-1
Turbinals-2
• Mandible- 1
• Vomar-1
CRANIAL BONES
FACIAL BONES
 1 Frontal bone

Parietal
2
bone 6 Sphenoid bone

5 Etamoid bone
7 Lacrimal
Temporal 8 Nasal bone

bone 3
9 Zygomatic
Occipital bone
10 Maxilla
bone 4

Occipital 13
condyle 11 Mandible
12 Hyoid bone
 SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES
HYOID BONE - (1)
• U- Shaped bone
• Found at the floor of buccal cavity
• Do not articulate with any other bone of the body
• Tongue is attached with Hyoid bone

HYOID
BONE
 SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES

EAR OSSICLES – (3X2=6)  1) Malleus – Hammer shape

 2) Incus – Anvil shape

 3) Stapes – Stirrup shape

1
2

3
 OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

• The skull articulates with first

vertebra (atlas) of vertebral column
DICONDYLE with the help of 2 occipital
condyles (dicondylic skull).

• Skull is monocondylic in reptiles and

birds where as dicondylic in
amphibians and mammalia.
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Cervical
Vertebral column is formed by 26
vertebrae serially arranged units called vertebrae
and is dorsally placed.
Thoracic
It extends from the base of skulland
Vertebrae
constitutes the main framework of
trunk.
Lumber
Sacrum Vertebrae  Number of cervical
vertebrae are 7 in almost all
coccyx
mammals.
Human vertebral formula – C7 T12 L5 S(5) Co (4)
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Each vertebra has a central hollow portion (neural

canal) through which the spinal cord passes.
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Cervical
Significance of Vertebral column
vertebrae

• Protects spinal cord

Thoracic
Vertebrae • Supports the head
• Serves as the point of attachment for the
Inter-
vertebral
Lumber ribs and musculature of the back.
Vertebrae
disk

Sacrum
Coccyx
 STERNUM (BREAST BONE)

 Sternum is a flat bone on the MANUBRIUM

ventral midline of thorax . (Upper part to
which first and
 The sternum is a favored site for second ribs attach)
obtaining samples of haemopoietic
tissue during diagnosis of BODY
suspected blood diseases. (Long , narrow,
Middle bone)

XIPHOID
PROCESS
 STERNUM (BREAST BONE)
Facet for
 Clavicle and 1st pair of ribs Clavicle
are attached with manubrium. Prosternum

 2nd to 7th pair of ribs are

attached with mesosternum. Facet
For ribs Mesosternum

Metasternum
RIBS
 True ribs are attached dorsally to
thoracic vertebrae and
ventrally connected to
sternum with the help
of hyaline cartilage.

 False ribs do not articulate

directly with the sternum but
join the 7th rib with the help of
hyaline cartilage.

 Floating ribs are not

connected ventrally.
RIB CAGE
There are five parts of rib cage:-
(1) Dorsal consist of vertebral column
and ribs.
(2) Ventral consist of sternum and
ribs.
(3) Lateral consist of ribs.
(4) Anterior consist of neck and
clavicle.

(5) Posterior consist of diaphragm.

RIB CAGE

True ribs
1st to 7 th

False ribs
8th 9th & 10th

Floating ribs
11th & 12th
APPENDICULAR SKELETON-126 BONES

Limb Bones Girdle Bones (06)

( 120)
Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle
Forelimb 04 02
Bones
(60) • Scapula-1x2 Hip Bone-2
• Clavicle-1x2 Each Hip bone is
Hind Limb
made up of 3
bones
bones
(60)
• ILIUM
• ISCHIUM
• PUBIS
 LIMB BONES( 120)

Forelimb Bones Hind Limb bones

60 60

Humerus-1x2 Femur-1x2
Radius- 1x2 Patella-1x2
Ulna-1x2 Tibia-1x2
Carpals-8x2 Fibula-1x2
Metacarpals-5x2 Tarsals-7x2
Phalanges-14x2 Metatarsals-5x2
Phalanges-14x2
 BONES OF FORE LIMBS

 Bones of fore limbs (30x2) =60

• Humerus (1)
• Radius(1) Humerus
• Ulna (1)
• Carpals (wrist bones-8)
• Metacarpals (palm bones-5) Radius
• Phalanges (digit-14) Ulna
Phalangeal formula- 23333 Carpals
Metacarpals
 Only sesamoid Phalanges
forelimb bone - Pisiform.
 BONES OF HIND LIMBS
 Bones of hind limbs (30x2) =60
• Femur 1 (Thigh bone)
Longest ,
• Tibia 1 Femur Strongest and
• Fibula 1 Heaviest bone
• Patella 1
• Tarsals 7 Patella
• Metatarsals 5
• Phalanges 14 (digits) Tibia
Fibula
Phalangeal formula- 23333
Tarsals
 1 cup shaped bone called patella cover Metatarsal
the knee ventrally (Knee cap) Phalanges
 GIRDLES (06)

Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle

04 02

Hip Bone-2
• Scapula-1x2
(Each Hip bone is made
• Clavicle-1x2 up of 3 bones)
• ILIUM
• ISCHIUM
• PUBIS
 GIRDLES
 Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the
articulation of the upper and the lower
limbs respectively with the axial skeleton.

 Each girdle is formed of two halves.

1. Pectoral girdle 2.Pelvic girdle
 PECTORAL GIRDLES
Pectoral girdle formed of –

 Scapula(Shoulder-blade-2)

 Clavicle(collar-bone-2)
 SCAPULA
Coracocoid process
Scapula is a large triangular
flat Acromian bone situated in the dorsal
Glenoid the thorax between the 2nd and
part of
Cavity the 7thribs.
M Spine
 The dorsal, flat, triangular
E
body of scapula has a slightly
D
elevated ridge called the spine
I
which projects as a flat,
A
expanded process called the
N
acromion.
CLAVICLE BONE (BEAUTY /COLLAR BONE)
Lateral Medial

Acromial End
Sternal End

 The clavicle articulates acromion.

Below the acromion is a depression called glenoid cavit

which articulates with the head of humerus to form shoulder
joint.
Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two
curvatures.
 This bone is commonly called the collar bone.
 PELVIC GIRDLES

Pelvic girdle:- 2x1=2 bones

Sacrum
• Formed of 2 coxal bones. ILIUM
•Each coxal bone is
formed by the fusion of 3
bones- PUBIS
Acetabulum
 ILIUM
cavity
 ISCHIUM
 PUBIS
ISCHIUM Pubic Symphysis Obturator
(Cartilage) foramen
PELVIC GIRDLES

•At the point of fusion of the

Ilium, Ischium and Pubis is a
cavity called acetabulum to which
the thigh bone articulates.

• The two halves of the pelvic

girdle meet ventrally to form
the pubic symphysis
containing fibrous
cartilage.
 PELVIC GIRDLES

ILIUM
(Larget bone
in pelvis)
Acetabulum
PUBIS
(Formes
front
of Pelvis)
ISCHIUM Obturator
(Strongest and foramen
lowest bone in
Dorsal View Ventral View
pelvis)
 2. PELVIC GIRDLES Ilium

Pubis Ischium

Differences Between Male and Female Pelvis

Features Female Pelvis Male Pelvis
1. General width Hips are wider Hips are narrower

2. Pubis Longer, More Short, Triangular

rectangular
3. Sacrum Shorter, wider Longer, narrower
 JOINTS
 Joints are essential for all types of movements involving
the bony parts of the body.
 Locomotory movements are no exception to this. Joints are
points of contact between bones, or between bones and
cartilages.
 Force generated by the muscles is used to carry out movement
through joints, where the joint acts as a fulcrum.
 The movability at these joints vary depending on
different factors.
Joints have been classified into three major structural
forms namely :-
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial.
FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSIS)

 Do not allow any movement.

 This type of joint is shown by the flat skull bones which
fuse end-to-end with the help of dense fibrous
connective tissues in the form of sutures, to form
the cranium.
FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSIS)
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (SYNCHONDROSIS)

• The bones involved are joined

together with the help of Cartilages.
• The joint between the adjacent
vertebrae in the vertebral
column is of this pattern and
it permits limited
movements.

INTER
VERTEBRAL
DISK
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (SYNCHONDROSIS)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS (DIARTHROSIS)

Characterised by the
presence of a fluid filled Synovial
synovial cavity between the membrane
articulating surfaces of the
two bones. Fluid filled
synovial cavity
Such an arrangement
allows considerable
movement.
 BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

(BETWEEN HUMERUS AND PECTORAL GIRDLE)

 HINGE JOINT

Knee joint Elbow joint

 PIVOT JOINT

(BETWEEN ATLAS AND AXIS)

GLIDING JOINT
SADDLE JOINT

(Between Carpals and Metacarpal of Thumb)

 SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Types Examples

Ball and Shoulder joint and hip joint

socket joint

Hinge Joint Knee joint, Elbow Joint etc

Pivot Joint Joint between Atlas and Axis
Gliding Joint Joints between carpals
Saddle Joint Joints between carpals and metacarpal of
thumb
DISORDERS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

ARTHRITIS • Inflammation of joints.

Inflammation

Normal joint Arthritis Joint

 DISORDERS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

OSTEOPOROSIS • Age-related disorder characterized by decreased

bone mass and increased chances of fractures.
• Decreased levels of estrogen is common cause.

NORMAL BONE
OSTEOPOROSIS BONE
 DISORDERS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

GOUT • Inflammation of joints due to

accumulation of uric acid crystals
U
R
I
C
A
C
I
D
C
R
Y
S
T
A
L
S
 SPRAIN

Ligament injury
 TYPES OF BONES
TYPE OF BONE EXAMPLES

1. Long bones Humerus , Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia,

Fibula, Clavicle

2. Short bones Carpals, Tarsals

3. Flat bones Skull bones, Sternum, Ribs, Scapula

4. Irregular bones Ear ossicles , Vertebrae

5. Sesamoid bones Patella, Pisciform
THANK YOU