Governor System (Electrical Part)

中电建水电开发集团有限公司
powerChinahydropowerdevelopmentgroup co. ， LTD
调速器系统（电气部分）
Governor System(Electrical Part)
By ： Li Chaoyong
2019 年
Contents
1 Main Function of Governor System
调速器系统主要功能
2 Main Components and Functional Description
主要部件和功能描述
3 GIBE 3 Governor System Appearance
吉布 3 调速器系统优点
4 Hydraulic System Description and Main Components and Functional Description
液压系统说明及主要部件和功能说明
5 Control Principle
控制原理
6 Electrical Control and Communication Links With other Systems
电气控制以及与其他系统的通信连接
7 Operation Considerations and Inspection Focus Points
操作注意事项及检查要点
8 Maintenance Considerations, Planning/Preventive Maintenance Time Table
维护注意事项、规划 / 预防性维护时间表
9 Probable Faults and Trouble Shooting
可能的故障及故障排除
1 Main Function of Governor System
调速器系统主要功能
1.1 it can automatically adjust the speed of hydrogenerator unit to keep it running
within the allowable deviation of rated speed, so as to meet the requirements of
power grid on frequency quality.
1.2 it can make the hydrogenerator unit start automatically or manually, adapt to the
demand of power grid load increase and decrease, normal shutdown or emergency
shutdown.
1.3 when the hydrogenerator unit operates in parallel in the power grid, the governor
can automatically bear the predetermined load distribution, so that each unit can
achieve economic operation.
1.4 it can meet the needs of double coordinated regulation of axial flow hydroturbine
with movable blade and impulse turbine.
1.1 能自动调节水轮发电机组的转速，使其保持在额定转速允许偏差内运转，以
满足电网对频率质量的要求。
1.2 能使水轮发电机组自动或手动快速启动，适应电网负荷的增减，正常停机或
紧急停机的需要。
1.3 当水轮发电机组在电力系统中并列运行时，调速器能自动承担预定的负荷分
配，使各机组能实现经济运行。
1.4 能满足转桨式、冲击式水轮机双重协联调节的需要。
2 Hydraulic System Description and Main Components and Functional
Description 液压系统说明及主要部件和功能说明
2.1 Components of Governor System
The governor system is composed of governor, operating oil source (oil pressure
device) and oil cooling system.
2.1.1 components of governor
Hydro generator governor is composed of mechanical hydraulic part and electrical
control part.
2.1.2 the mechanical hydraulic part is composed of main distributing valve, servo
proportional valve, hydraulic pilot direction valve, emergency shut-down solenoid
valve, manually / automatical switch solenoid valve, manually operation solenoid
valve, integrated accident distributing valve and two-step closure device etc
2.1 调速系统的组成部分
调速系统是由调速器、操作油源（油压装置）以及油冷却系统组成。
2.1.1 调速器的组成部分
水轮发电机调速器是由机械液压部分和电气控制部分组成。
2.1.2 机械液压部分由主配压阀、伺服比例阀、液控换向阀、紧急停机电磁阀、
手 - 自动转换电磁阀、手动操作电磁阀、集成事故配压分段关闭装置等组成
2.1.3 the electrical control part is composed of PAC, power module, frequency
measurement board, servo proportional valve amplifier board, active power sensor,
HMI, button, indicator light, etc.
2.1.4 oil pressure device is composed of air-oil accumulator, oil sump tank, oil pump
motor, safety and unload valve suit, non-return valve, air safety valve, pressure switch,
pressure transmitter and pipeline.
2.1.5 the oil cooling system is composed of oil pump motor, cooler, pipeline and valve.
2.1.3 电气控制部分是由 PAC 、电源模块、频率测量版、伺服比例阀放大板、有
功功率传感器、 HMI 、按钮、指示灯等组成。
2.1.4 油压装置是由压力油箱、回油箱、油泵电机、安全阀 - 卸载阀组、单向阀、
空气安全阀、压力开关、压力变送器以及管路等部分组成。
2.1.5 油冷却系统是由油泵电机、冷却器、管路以及阀门组成。
2.2 governor oil pressure device
2.2.1 function of governor oil pressure device
The governor oil pressure device is designed to provide control and operation pressur
e oil for the governor hydraulic system. The working medium of the oil pressure device
is compressed air and 46# turbine oil. Under normal conditions, 2 / 3 of compressed ai
r and 1 / 3 of oil are installed in the oil pressure tank, and the compressed air is used t
o compensate the fluctuation of system pressure. The compressed air filled unit on th
e oil pressure device can automatically conduct air replenishing and draining operatio
n according to the actual situation of oil pressure and liquid level in the oil pressure ta
nk, so as to maintain a proper oil-gas ratio in the oil pressure tank. When the oil press
ure in the oil pressure tank is higher than the setting value of the air safety valve, the a
ir safety valve at the top of the tank begins to let the air drain out. The normal working
oil pressure range is set between 5.7MPa and 6.0MPa. To ensure the reliable operatio
n of the oil pressure device, the device is equipped with two oil pumps. To ensure the
reliability of the oil pump and the system, each oil pump is equipped with a safety and
unload valve group.
2.2 调速器油压装置
2.2.1 调速器油压装置的功能
调速器油压装置是专为调速器液压系统提供控制及操作的压力油 , 油压装置的工
作介质为压缩空气和 46 号汽轮机油。正常情况下 , 压力罐内装有 2/3 的压缩空
气、 1/3 的液压油 , 压缩空气用于补偿系统压力的波动。油压装置上的自动补气、
排气装置能够根据压油罐内的油的压力和液位实际情况，自动进行补气、排气操
作，使得压油罐内保持适当的油气比例。当压油罐内油压高于空气安全阀整定值
时，罐顶部的空气安全阀开始排气。正常工作油压力范围设定在 5.7Mpa—6.0Mp
a 之间，为保证油压装置可靠工作，该装置配有两台油泵泵，为保证油泵及系统
的可靠性，每台油泵装设有安全卸载阀组。
2.2.2 composition of governor oil pressure device
The governor oil pressure device is composed of pressure oil tank,compressed air
filling unit (manual / automatic), air safety valve, oil pump, safety and unload valve
group, oil return tank, pressure switch, pressure transmitter, liquid level indicator, etc.
2.2.2 调速器油压装置的组成
调速器油压装置是由压力油罐、补气装置（手动 / 自动）、空气安全阀、油泵、
安全卸载阀组、回油箱、压力开关、压力变送器、液位指示计等组成。
2.2.3 functions of components of governor oil pressure device
1) the function of the pressure oil tank is to store the pressure oil and compressed air
with a volume of 2.5m3.
2) the function of compressed air filling unit is to automatically conduct air replenishm
ent and draining operation according to the actual situation of oil pressure and liquid l
evel in the pressure oil tank, so as to maintain the proper oil-gas ratio in the pressure
oil tank.
3) the opening and closing parts of the air safety valve are controlled by the external f
orce, which is normally closed. When the medium pressure in the pressure oil tank ris
es beyond the set value, the air safety valve that prevents the medium pressure in the
pressure oil tank from exceeding the specified value is to discharge the medium outsid
e the system. Safety valve belongs to automatic valve category, which is mainly used t
o protect pressure container, and control pressure does not exceed the specified value,
which plays an important role in protecting personal safety and equipment operation.
The safety valve can only be used after pressure test.
4) the pressure switch is a simple pressure control device. When the measured pressu
re reaches the action value of the pressure switch, the contact of the pressure switch i
s closed and an alarm or control signal is sent out.The working principle of the pressur
e switch is: when the measured pressure exceeds the action value of the pressure swit
ch, the free end of the elastic element will produce displacement, push the switch ele
ment directly or after comparison, change the on-off state of the switch element, and
achieve the purpose of controlling the measured pressure.
2.2.3 调速器油压装置各组成元件的功能
1) 压力油罐的作用是储存压力油和压缩空气，其容积为 2.5M3 。
2) 补气装置的作用是根据压油罐内的油的压力和液位实际情况，自动进行补气、
排气操作，使得压油罐内保持适当的油气比例。
3) 空气安全阀的启闭件受外力作用控制，正常状态下处于常闭状态，当压力油
罐内的介质压力升高超过整定值时，通过向系统外排放介质来防止压力油罐内介
质压力超过规定数值的特殊阀门。安全阀属于自动阀类，主要用于保护压力容器，
控制压力不超过规定值，对人身安全和设备运行起重要保护作用。注安全阀必须
经过压力试验才能使用。
4) 压力开关是一种简单的压力控制装置，当被测压力达到压力开关动作值时，
压力开关的触点闭合，发出警报或控制信号。压力开关的工作原理是：当被
测压力超过压力开关动作值时，弹性元件的自由端产生位移，直接或经过比较后
推动开关元件，改变开关元件的通断状态，达到控制被测压力的目的。
3.1 High reliability and high performance PAC controller i-8831-80, 80MHz dominant
frequency, the programmer and the control data are stored in CF card, no need
battery. The controller uses real-time multitasking operating system, floating point
support, real-time clock and support GPS timing.
3.1 高可靠性高性能 PAC 控制器 i-8831-80 ， 80MHz 主频，编程器和控制数据存
储在 CF 卡中，不需要电池。控制器使用实时多任务操作系统、支持浮点计算、
实时时钟和 GPS 校时。
3.2 Redundancy configured, include DI/DO module, D/A module, A/D module,
Frequency measure board, servomotor position transducer and Power supply etc.
3.2 冗余配置，包括 DI/O 模块、 D/A 模块、 A/D 模块、频率测量板、伺服电机
位置传感器和电源等。
3.3 Powerful communication: the PAC controller has three RS232/RS485
communication ports and one Ethernet communication ports. The Ethernet port is
used for internal communication of governor system. Two RS485 communication ports
are used for the communication between governor and external systems, such as the
remote control room, the SCADA, the GPS timing system etc.
3.3 通讯功能强大： PAC 控制器有三个 RS232/RS485 通讯端口和一个以太网通讯
端口。以太网端口用于调速系统内部通信。两个 RS485 通信端口用于调速器与外
部系统（如远程控制室、监控与数据采集系统、 GPS 定时系统等）之间的通
3.4 Signal pre-processing functions: reduce the jitter of digital signals, analog signal
linear conversion and effectiveness judgments etc.
3.4 信号预处理功能：减少数字信号的抖动、模拟信号的线性转换和有效性判断
等。
3.5 Using model reference start ramp, reduce the affections of water head impact on
the start process.
3.5 采用模型参考起动坡道，减小水头对机组起动的影响过程。
3.6 Have a good whole English graphical interface, extensive fault and status
information display, easy use and easy maintenance.
3.6 具有良好的全英文图形界面，故障及状态信息显示广泛，使用方便，维护方
便。
3.7 On line parameters setting, on line maintenance.
3.7 在线参数设置、在线维护。
3.8 Self-diagnostic function. Real-time diagnostics unit frequency, grid frequency, DI/O
modules, A/D modules, D/A modules, communications and other hardware failures.
3.8 自诊断功能。实时诊断机组频率、电网频率、 DI/DO 模块、 A/D 模块、 D/A
模块、通信和其他硬件故障。
3.9 Failure recording function and recall the accident.
3.9 故障记录功能及事故回忆。
3.10 Integrated hydraulic system testing and adjustment function, integrated the
governor system performance test functions etc.
3.10 集成液压系统测试和调整功能，集成调速系统性能测试功能等。
4.1 Main Distributing Valve 主配压阀
Through the up and down movement of the piston, the flow direction and flow of the
pressure oil are controlled, and then the movement direction and speed of the servo
motor are controlled.
通过活塞的上下移动，控制压力油的流动方向和流量进而控制接力器的移动方向
和移动速度。
4.2 servo proportional valve
The servo proportional valve is an electro-hydraulic converter, which is an electrically
controlled pilot valve. The function of the servo proportional valve is to convert the
electrical control signal output by the microcomputer regulator into the flow output
signal proportional to it, which is used to control the main distributing valve.
2.3 伺服比例阀
伺服比例阀是电 - 液转换器，它是一种电气控制的引导阀。伺服比例阀的功能是
把微机调节器输出的电气控制信号转换为与其成比例的流量输出信号，用于控制
主配压阀。
4.3 Emergency shut-down solenoid valve
The Emergency shut-down solenoid valve is installed close to the main distributing
valve.When sending the emergency shut-down signal to the Emergency shut-down
solenoid valve. The valve core of the Emergency shut-down solenoid valve is shifted to
cut off the control oil of the servo proportional valve. At the same time, the control
chamber of the main distributing valve is filled with oil and the servomotor is shut
down quickly.
2.4 紧急停机电磁阀
紧急停机电磁阀安装在靠近主配压阀的位置，给紧急停机电磁阀发出停机紧急信
号，紧急停机电磁阀的阀芯换位，将比例伺服阀的控制油切断，同时使主配压阀
的控制腔通回油，接力器迅速关机。
4.4 Manually / Automatical Switch Solenoid Valve 手 - 自动转换电磁阀
Manually / Automatical switch solenoid valve is a kind of manual automatic switching
device of solenoid valve. When it is switched to manual mode, the operator on duty c
an control the opening of guide vane by manually operating the solenoid valve; when i
t is switched to automatic mode, manually operation solenoid valve will out of operati
on.
手 - 自动转换电磁阀是一种电磁阀手 - 自动转换装置，当切至手动时，运行值班
人员可通过手动操作电磁阀控制导叶的开度；当切至自动时，手动操作电磁阀退
出运行。
4.5 integrated accident distributing valve and two-step closure device 集成事故配压
分段关闭装置
The integrated accident distributing valve and two-step closure device integrates the
emergency distributing valve and the two-step closure device, which is used in the
governor system of the hydroelectric generating unit of the hydropower station, to
prevent the unit from over speed and water hammer, and to provide safe and reliable
protection for the normal operation of the hydroelectric generating unit.
集成事故配压分段关闭装置将事故配压阀和分段关闭阀集成于一体，用于水电站
水轮发电机组的调速系统中，防止机组过速和水锤，为水轮发电机组的正常运行
提供安全可靠的保护。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
The control principle of the governor is actually the calculation process of PID. What is
PID?
Example: keep the water in the water tank at a constant position of 1 meter.
Assuming that the water level in the water tank is 0.2m at the initial time, there is an
ERROR between the current water level and the target water level, and the ERROR is 0.
8. At this time, suppose that there is a person standing next to the water tank, who co
ntrols the water level by adding water to the tank. If only the proportional control algo
rithm is used, it means that the amount of water U added is proportional to the
ERROR.
That is, U = Kp * ERROR, assuming that Kp is 0.5,
When t = 1 (the first time to add water, that is, the first time to control the system),
Then U = 0.5 * 0.8 = 0.4, and the water level after the first water addition is 0.2 + 0.4 =
0.6
Then when t = 2 (the second time to control the system), the current water level is 0.6,
so the error is 0.4. U = 0.5 * 0.4 = 0.2, the water level after the second water addition i
s 0.6 + 0.2 = 0.8
5 Control Principle
控制原理
In such a cycle, it is the proportional control algorithm.
It can be seen that the final water level will reach the 1 meter we need (or infinitely cl
ose to 1 meter).
Thinking: is there any defect in the proportional control algorithm?
调速器的控制原理实际上就是 PID 的计算过程。哪么什么是 PID ？
例子：维持水缸里面的水恒定在 1 米的位置。
假设初试时刻，水缸里的水位是 0.2 米，那么当前时刻的水位和目标水位之间是
存在一个误差的 error ，且 error 为 0.8. 这个时候，假设旁边站着一个人，这个人
通过往缸里加水的方式来控制水位。如果单纯的用比例控制算法，就是指加入的
水量 u 和误差 error 是成正比的。
即 u=kp*error 假设 kp 取 0.5 ，
那么 t=1 时（表示第 1 次加水，也就是第一次对系统施加控制），
那么 u=0.5*0.8=0.4 ，第 1 次加水后水位为 0.2+0.4=0.6
接着 t=2 时刻（第 2 次施加控制），当前水位是 0.6 ，所以 error 是 0.4 。 u=0.5*
0.4=0.2 ，第 2 次加水后水位为 0.6+0.2=0.8.
如此这么循环下去，就是比例控制算法。
可以看到，最终水位会达到我们需要的 1 米（无限接近 1 米）。
思考：比例控制算法有没有什么缺陷？
5 Control Principle
控制原理
There are some shortcomings in the proportional control, one of which is the Steady-
State Errors!
Like the above example, according to the different values of Kp, the system will
eventually reach 1 meter without steady-state error. However, considering another
situation, it is assumed that there is water leakage in the water tank during the
process of adding water. It is assumed that a height of 0.1m water will be leaked
during each water adding process. If Kp is still assumed to be 0.5, then there will be a
certain situation. If water is added several times and the water level in the water tank
reaches 0.8, the water level will not change again!!! Because the water level is 0.8, the
ERROR is 0.2. So the amount of water added to the water tank is U = 0.5 * 0.2 = 0.1. At
the same time, 0.1 meter of water will flow out of the water tank every time!!! The
water level will not change because the added water and the outflow water are the
same!!
5 Control Principle
控制原理
That is to say, my goal is 1 meter, but when the water level of the system reaches 0.8
meter, it will not change, and the system has reached stability. The resulting error is
the Steady-State Errors.(in the actual situation, this kind of similar water cylinder
leakage is often more common. In the governor system, the dead zone of the
servomotor and the measurement error of the position sensor of the guide vane will
lead to the steady-state error.)Therefore, the single proportional control, in many
cases, can not meet the requirements.
比例控制存在着一些不足，其中一点就是 –稳态误差！
像上述的例子，根据 kp 取值不同，系统最后都会达到 1 米，不会有稳态误差。
但是，考虑另外一种情况，假设这个水缸在加水的过程中，存在漏水的情况，假
设每次加水的过程，都会漏掉 0.1 米高度的水。仍然假设 kp 取 0.5 ，那么会存在
着某种情况，假设经过几次加水，水缸中的水位到 0.8 时，水位将不会再变
换！！！因为，水位为 0.8 ，则误差 error=0.2. 所以每次往水缸中加水的量为
u=0.5*0.2=0.1. 同时，每次加水缸里又会流出去 0.1 米的水！！！加入的水和流出
的水相抵消，水位将不再变化！！
也就是说，我的目标是 1 米，但是最后系统达到 0.8 米的水位就不在变化了，且
系统已经达到稳定。由此产生的误差就是稳态误差了。
（在实际情况中，这种类似水缸漏水的情况往往更加常见，在调速器系统中，接
力器的死区、导叶位置传感器的测量误差等都会导致稳态误差）
所以，单独的比例控制，在很多时候并不能满足要求。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
Integral control algorithm
Using the above example, if only using proportional control, we can find that there is
Steady-State Errors, and the final water level is stuck at 0.8m. Then, in the control, we
introduce another component, which is direct proportional to the integral of the
ERROR. Therefore, the proportional + integral control algorithm is:
u=Kp*ERROR+ Ki*∫ERROR
Let's use the above example to illustrate that the first ERROR is 0.8, and the second
ERROR is 0.4. So far, the integral of ERROR (integral in discrete case is actually
accumulation), ∫ERROR = 0.8 + 0.4 = 1.2. In addition to the proportion part, there is
also a coefficient Ki multiplied by this integral part. Because this integral part will
accumulate the previous several errors, it can well eliminate the steady-state error
(assuming that the system is stuck in the steady-state error when there is only a
proportional part, i.e. 0.8m in the above example, because of the existence of the
integral part, the input will increase, so that the water level of the water tank can be
greater than 0.8, and gradually reach the target of 1.0m.) this is the integral part
Effect.
5 Control Principle
控制原理
积分控制算法
还是用上面的例子，如果仅仅用比例，可以发现存在稳态误差，最后的水位就卡
在 0.8 了。于是，在控制中，我们再引入一个分量，该分量和误差的积分是正比
关系。所以，比例 + 积分控制算法为：
u=kp*error+ ki*∫error
还是用上面的例子来说明，第一次的误差 error 是 0.8 ，第二次的误差是 0.4 ，至
此，误差的积分（离散情况下积分其实就是做累加），∫ error=0.8+0.4=1.2. 这
个时候的控制量，除了比例的那一部分，还有一部分就是一个系数 ki 乘以这个
积分项。由于这个积分项会将前面若干次的误差进行累计，所以可以很好的消除
稳态误差（假设在仅有比例项的情况下，系统卡在稳态误差了，即上例中的
0.8 ，由于加入了积分项的存在，会让输入增大，从而使得水缸的水位可以大于
0.8 ，渐渐到达目标的 1.0. ）这就是积分项的作用。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
Derivative control algorithm
For another example, consider braking. Driving smoothly, when there is a red light in
front of you, in order to make the driving stable, you basically loosen the accelerator
and step on the brake a few meters in advance. When the car is very close to the
parking line, step the brake hard to stop the car. The whole process can be regarded as
a control strategy with Derivative .
Derivative , in the case of discrete, is the difference of ERROR, i.e. the difference of
error between time (t) and time (t-1), i.e. U = Kd * {error (t) - error (t-1)}, where Kd is a
coefficient. It can be seen that in the process of braking, because the error is getting
smaller and smaller, the Derivative control part must be a negative number. A
negative number part is added to the control. Its purpose is to prevent the car from
breaking through the line due to the untimely braking. It can be understood from
common sense that the closer you are to the stop line, the more you should step on
the brake and not let the car cross the line. Therefore, the function of this Derivative
part can be understood as braking process. When the car is very close to the stop line
and the speed is very fast, the absolute value of this Derivative part (actually a
negative number) will be very large, which means that you should step on the brake
hard to stop the car.
5 Control Principle
控制原理
Switch to the above example of adding water to the water tank. When it is found that
the water in the water tank is close to 1m, the Derivative part can be added to
prevent the water in the water tank from being added to a height of more than 1
meter. In other words, it is to reduce the vibration in the control process.
微分控制算法
换一个另外的例子，考虑刹车情况。平稳的驾驶车辆，当发现前面有红灯时，为
了使得行车平稳，基本上提前几十米就放松油门并踩刹车了。当车辆离停车线非
常近的时候，则使劲踩刹车，使车辆停下来。整个过程可以看做一个加入微分的
控制策略。
微分，说白了在离散情况下，就是 error 的差值，就是 t 时刻和 t-1 时刻 error 的
差，即 U=Kd*{error （ t ） -error （ t-1 ） } ，其中的 Kd 是一个系数。可以看到，
在刹车过程中，因为 error 是越来越小的，所以这个微分控制项一定是负数，在
控制中加入一个负数项，他存在的作用就是为了防止汽车由于刹车不及时而闯过
了线。从常识上可以理解，越是靠近停车线，越是应该注意踩刹车，不能让车过
线，所以这个微分项的作用，就可以理解为刹车，当车离停车线很近并且车速还
很快时，这个微分项的绝对值（实际上是一个负数）就会很大，从而表示应该用
力踩刹车才能让车停下来。
切换到上面给水缸加水的例子，就是当发现水缸里的水快要接近 1 的时候，加入
微分项，可以防止给水缸里的水加到超过 1 米的高度，说白了就是减少控制过程
中的震荡。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
Proportional integral derivative control, referred to as PID control, is one of the
earliest developed control strategies, because of its simple algorithm and good
robustness (refers to the ability of the system to survive in abnormal and dangerous
situations.) With high reliability, it is widely used in industrial process control. Up to
now, about 90% of control loops have PID structure. In short, according to the given
value and the actual output value constitute the control error(deviation), The
error(deviation) is proportional, integral and derivative through linear combination to
form control quantity, the controlled object is controlled.
According to the error(deviation) between the given value r (t) and the actual output
value c (t), the PID algorithm consists of e (t) = r(t) - c (t). The proportion (P), the
integral (I) and the derivative (D) of the error(deviation) are combined through linear
combination to form the control quantity to control the controlled object. The control
law is as follows:
比例积分微分控制 proportional-integral-derivative control ，简称 PID 控制，是最
早发展起来的控制策略之一，由于其算法简单、鲁棒性好（是指在异常和危险情
况下系统生存的能力。）和可靠性高，被广泛应用于工业过程控制，至今仍有
90% 左右的控制回路具有 PID 结构。简单的说，根据给定值和实际输出值构成控
制偏差，将偏差按比例、积分和微分通过线性组合构成控制量，对被控对象进行
控制。
PID 算法根据给定值 r(t) 与实际输出值 c(t) 构成偏差： e(t)=r(t)-c(t) 。将偏差的比
5 Control Principle
控制原理
The transfer function is: the transfer function refers to the ratio of the Laplace transfor
m (or Z transform) of the response (i.e. output) of the linear system and the Laplace tr
ansform of the excitation (i.e. input) under the zero initial condition. 传递函数为：传
递函数是指零初始条件下线性系统响应量（即输出）的拉普拉斯变换（或 z 变
换）与激励量（即输入）的拉普拉斯变换之比。
Where, Kp is the proportional coefficient, Ti is the integral time constant, Td is the

derivative time constant; ki = Kp / Ti is the integral coefficient; Kd = Kp * Td is the
derivative coefficient.
式中， Kp 为比例系数， Ti 为积分时间常数， Td 为微分时间常数； Ki=Kp/Ti ，为
积分系数； Kd=Kp*Td ，为微分系数。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
The functions of each correction link of PID control algorithm are as follows:
1) proportional link: it reflects the (error)deviation signal e (t) of the control system in
a proportional way. Once the (error)deviation is generated, the controller will
immediately produce a control effect to reduce the error. When the (error)deviation e
= 0, the control effect is also 0. Therefore, the proportional control is based on the
(error)deviation adjustment, that is, the differential adjustment.
2) integration link: it can memorize the error, which is mainly used to eliminate the
static difference and improve the non difference degree of the system. The strength of
the integration function depends on the integration time constant Ti. The larger Ti is,
the weaker the integration function is, and On the contrary, it is stronger..
3) derivative link: it can reflect the change trend (change rate) of (error)deviation
signal, and introduce an effective early correction signal into the system before the
(error) deviation signal value becomes too large, so as to accelerate the action speed
of the system and reduce the adjustment time.
From the perspective of time, the proportional function is to control the current error
of the system, the integral function is to control the history of the system error, and
the derivative function is to reflect the changing trend of the system error. The
combination of the three is the perfect combination of the past, the present and the
future
5 Control Principle
控制原理
PID 控制算法各校正环节的作用如下：
1) 比例环节：即时成比例地反应控制系统的偏差信号 e(t) ，偏差一旦产生，控
制器立即产生控制作用以减小误差。当偏差 e=0 时，控制作用也为 0 。因此，比
例控制是基于偏差进行调节的，即有差调节。
2) 积分环节：能对误差进行记忆，主要用于消除静差，提高系统的无差度，积
分作用的强弱取决于积分时间常数 Ti ， Ti 越大，积分作用越弱，反之则越强。
3) 微分环节：能反映偏差信号的变化趋势 ( 变化速率 ) ，并能在偏差信号值变得
太大之前，在系统中引入一个有效的早期修正信号，从而加快系统的动作速度，
减小调节时间。
从时间的角度讲，比例作用是针对系统当前误差进行控制，积分作用则针对系统
误差的历史，而微分作用则反映了系统误差的变化趋势，这三者的组合是“过
去、现在、未来”的完美结合
5 Control Principle
控制原理
performance index
The main indexes to judge the performance of a PID control system are rise time tr,
overshoot (ɑ%), adjustment time te and steady-state error ess. Among them:
(1) rise time tr refers to the time required for the actual output of the system to rise
from 10% of the normal output to 90% of the normal output;
(2) regulation time te refers to the time required when the actual output value of the
system is stable within 5% or 2% of the normal output value;
(3) overshoot (ɑ%) refers to the ratio of the difference between the maximum value
and the normal value of the actual output of the system and the normal value;
(4) the steady state error ess is the ratio of the absolute value of the difference
between the output value and the normal value when the system reaches the steady
state.
These four parameters reflect the response ability and stability of the system, through
which the performance of a system can be judged
5 Control Principle
控制原理
性能指标
衡量一个 PID 控制系统性能好坏的指标主要有：上升时间 tr 、超调量 ɑ% 、调
节时间 te 和稳态误差 ess 。其中：
（ 1 ）上升时间 tr 是指系统实际输出从正常输出的 10% 上升到正常输出的 90%
时所需的时间；
（ 2 ）调节时间 te 是指系统实际输出值稳定在正常输出值的 5% 或 2% 范围以内
时所需的时间；
（ 3 ）超调量 ɑ% 是指系统实际输出的最大值与正常值的差与正常值的比值；
（ 4 ）稳态误差 ess 是指系统达到稳态时的输出值与正常值差的绝对值与正常值
的比值。
这四个参数反映了系统的响应能力和稳定性，通过它们就可以判定一个系统性能
的好坏
5 Control Principle
控制原理
Parameter selection
(1) the proportional function makes the input and output of the control system propor
tional. In order to reduce the (error) deviation as much as possible, and also to speed
up the response speed and shorten the regulation time, it is necessary to increase Kp.
However, if the proportion function is too large, the dynamic performance of the syste
m will deteriorate, and even the closed-loop system will be unstable.
(2) the introduction of integral function is helpful to eliminate the steady-state error, b
ut the stability of the system is decreased. Especially in the stage of large (error) deviat
ion, the integration will make the system overshoot and the adjustment time become l
onger.
(3) the introduction of derivative function enables the system to respond according to
the trend of (error) deviation change. Appropriate derivative function can accelerate t
he system response, effectively reduce overshoot, improve the dynamic characteristic
s of the system, and increase the stability of the system. The disadvantage is that
derivative function is sensitive to interference, which reduces the ability of system to s
uppress interference.
5 Control Principle
控制原理
The parameter selection of PID controller must take into account the requirements of
dynamic and static performance indexes. Only when Kp, Ki and Kd parameters are pro
perly adjusted, can the satisfactory control performance be obtained.
参数选取
（ 1 ）比例作用使得控制系统的输入输出成比例关系，为了尽量减小偏差，同时
也为了加快响应速度，缩短调节时间，就需要增大 Kp 。但比例作用过大会使系
统动态性能变坏，甚至会使闭环系统不稳定。
（ 2 ）积分作用的引入有利于消除稳态误差，但使系统的稳定性下降。尤其在大
偏差阶段的积分往往会使系统产生过大的超调，调节时间变长。
（ 3 ）微分作用的引入使系统能够根据偏差变化的趋势做出反应，适当的微分作
用可加快系统响应，有效地减小超调，改善系统的动态特性，增加系统的稳定
性。不利之处是微分作用对干扰敏感，使系统抑制干扰能力降低。
PID 控制器的参数选取必须兼顾动态与静态性能指标要求，只有合理地整定
Kp 、 Ki 、 Kd 三个参数，才能获得比较满意的控制性能。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
PID parameters selection
Different condition, different running mode using difference PID parameters and differ
ence permanent speed droop.
1) No-load condition, governor in speed regulation mode, select the no-load PID
parameters.
2) Generation condition, governor in opening regulation mode, select the opening
regulation PID parameters, governor in power regulation mode, select power
regulation PID parameters.
3) Isolate condition, governor in speed regulation mode, select the isolate PID
parameters.
All parameters are fixed by the on-site test, and permanent store in the controller.
PID 参数选择
不同工况、不同运行方式采用不同的 PID 参数和不同的永态转差系数。
1 ）空载状态，调速器处于调速模式，选择空载 PID 参数。
2 ）发电条件，调速器处于开度调节模式，选择开度调节 PID 参数，调速器处于
功率调节模式，选择功率调节 PID 参数。
3 ）孤网状态，调速器处于调速模式，选择孤网 PID 参数。
所有参数由现场验收试验确定，并永久保存在控制器中。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
永态转差系数
调速器的永态转差系数是指接力器行程为零时的转速与接力器全行程时的转速之
差与额定转速之比
permanent speed droop
The permanent speed droop of the governor refers to the ratio of the difference
between the speed when the servomotor travel is zero and the speed when the
servomotor travel is full and the rated speed
Hardware structure of the control system
控制系统硬件结构
Block Diagram of Transfer function for Power regulation
功率调节传递函数框图
Block Diagram of Transfer function for Speed regulation
转速调节传递函数框图
Software functional structure
软件功能结构
Software functional structure
软件功能结构
From the structure above, you can find the governor system have eight(8)
independent functional block: Level Control, Flow Control, Power Control, Opening
Control, Speed Control, Elec. Manual, Pumping Control and Opening Limiter. All these
blocks are parallel running and output according the status of "Mode Selection Logic".
If one of the functional blocks is selected by "Mode Selection Logic", the outputs of
this block are activated, and the other blocks are in a status of tracking mode. The
outputs of all activated block are selected by the "Minimum or Max. Selector", then
pass through the "Two Segment Closing" (Elec. Two Segment Closing function), finally
the primary channel selector and the auto/manual selector will decide the final
output
signal and send to the servo system as its input.
从上面的结构中，您可以发现调速系统有八（ 8 ）个独立的功能块：液位控制、
流量控制、功率控制、开度控制、速度控制、电动手动、泵送控制和开度限制
器。所有这些模块根据“模式选择逻辑”的状态并行运行并输出。如果通过“模
式选择逻辑”选择其中一个功能块，则激活该功能块的输出，并且其他功能块处
于跟踪模式状态。所有激活块的输出由“最小或最大选择器”选择，然后通
过“两段关闭”（电子两段关闭功能），最后，主通道选择器和自动 / 手动选择
器将决定最终输出信号，并将其作为输入发送到伺服系统。
Block diagram of Servo system
伺服系统框图
Block diagram of Servo system
伺服系统框图
The output of functional block (as above discussed) is the servo system input”Ctrl
Ref”.The “Ctrl Ref” passes through the servo system and prodces an error signal then
sends the error signal to servo proportional valve amplifier.There are two feedback
signals,one is main distributing valve position feedback and the other one is
servomotot position feedback.The gains K0,K1 and K2 are used to adjust the servo
system to get more suitable dynamic performance and stability.
软件功能块（如上所述）的输出是伺服系统输入“ Ctrl-Ref” ，“ Ctrl-Ref” 通过伺
服系统并产生误差信号，然后将误差信号发送到伺服比例阀放大器。反馈信号有
两个，一个是主配压阀位置反馈，另一个是伺服电机位置反馈，利用增益 K0 、
K1 和 K2 对伺服系统进行调节，使其具有更合适的动态性能和稳定性。
Control strategy
控制策略
Control strategy
控制策略
Governor control system uses advanced, mature, variable structure, change
parameters and daptive parallel PID control strategy to achieve optimal control in
variety conditions. With speed control, opening control and power control three
general control modes. Different conditions and different control modes use different
control structure and different PID parameters that truly optimal the turbine control.
Using non-minimum phase compensation, integral clamp and other measures to
increase the stability of the control system in small fluctuations condition and improve
the stability In isolated network operation mode
调速器控制系统采用先进、成熟、变结构、变参数和自适应并行 PID 控制策略，
实现了多种工况下的最优控制。具有速度控制、开度控制和功率控制三种通用控
制方式。不同的工况、不同的控制方式采用不同的控制结构和不同的 PID 参数，
使水轮机控制真正达到最优。采用非最小相位补偿、积分箝位等措施提高控制系
统在小波动情况下的稳定性，提高隔离网运行方式的稳定性
5 Control Principle
控制原理
Software functional block introduction
1 Logic
a) Control mode selection
Under generation condition, the control mode such as Speed, Opening, Power and
Elec. Manual etc. are selected according the control mode change logic. When a fault
is detected, the governor automatic switches to another control mode (like Opening
etc.) or stop the unit if no hydraulic manual.
b) The start and stop logic
When receive "Start" command, the Governor start the unit according preset start
ramp. After synchronous, the electrical opening limit will be set to the maximum
allowable opening according current water head. When receive "Stop"command,
firstly, the electrical opening limit will be set to current opening of the guide vane, and
then stop the turbine according the preset close rate to completely close status.
5 Control Principle
控制原理
软件功能块介绍
1 逻辑
a ）控制模式选择
在发电条件下，根据控制方式变化逻辑，选择转速、开度、功率、电气手动等控
制方式。当检测到故障时，调速器自动切换到另一个控制模式（例如开度等），
如果没有液压手动，则停止机组。
b ）启动和停止逻辑
当收到“启动”命令时，调速器根据预设的启动斜率启动机组。同步后，电气开
度限值将根据当前水头设置为最大允许开口。当收到“停止”指令时，首先将电
气开度限值设置为导叶的当前开度，然后按预设的关闭速率停机至完全关闭状
态。
5 Control Principle
控制原理
c ）孤网模式检测
当机组处于发电状态时，调速器将始终监视频率偏差，如果偏差超过孤网频率的
预设范围，调速器将切换到孤网模式运行。调速器将保持孤网调节模式，只要偏
离或“孤网模式”外部命令存在。正常情况下，调速器在孤网调节模式下，调速
器采用孤网模式参数进行调速。
d ）快速 / 紧急停止
当发生紧急停机事件时，调速器开启限制器将导叶位置限制在最小值。
c) Isolate mode detect
When the unit on generation condition, the governor will always monitor the
deviation of the frequency, if the deviation is beyond the preset range of isolate
frequency, the governor will switch to isolate mode running. The governor will keep
the isolate regulation mode, as long as the deviation or the "Isolate mode" external
command existence. Normally, the governor in speed regulation use isolate mode
parameters when the governor in isolate regulation mode.
d) Quick/emergency stop
When emergency stop events occurred, the governor opening limiter will limit the
guide vane position to minimum.
5 Control Principle
控制原理
2 位置
a ）导叶位置
导叶位置通过 PD 调节实现。位移测量电路输出通过 V/I 传感器并操作导叶。位
移测量电路总是对伺服回路的故障进行检测，一旦检测到误差，就会发出伺服回
路误差信号。出于测试目的，导叶也可以位于测试接口处。
2 Location
a) Guide vane location
The guide vane locations come true from the PD regulation. The location circuits
output pass through the V/I transducer and operate the guide vane. The location
circuits are always detecting the fault of the servo loop, and give out a servo loop
error signal if error is detected. For test purpose, the guide vane can also be located
from the test interface.
6.1 guide vane displacement transducer
The function of the guide vane displacement transducer is to convert the mechanical
movement into electrical signals that can be measured, recorded or transmitted, and i
ndirectly reflect the opening of the guide vane by measuring the travel of the servomo
tor movement.
Normally one or two guide vane displacement transducer is installed on the
servomotor(s).The transducer output (4-20mA) isolated by the isolate module and pro
duces a (1-5 VDC or 2-10VDC) signal as the PAC input. Normally, 4mA transducer outp
ut correspond with the guide vane is at completely closed position and the completely
open position is the 20mA output .
Attention: The output of the isolate module must be configured, if the output of the is
olate module is not the signal needed (means the type and range) by controller you sh
ould check the configuration ID.
6.1 导叶位移传感器
导叶位移传感器的功能是把机械运动转换成可以计量，记录或传送的电信号，通
过测量接力器运动的行程间接地反应导叶的开度。
通常一个或两个导叶位移传感器安装在接力器上。传感器输出（ 4-20mA ）由隔
离模块隔离，并产生（ 1-5VDC 或 2-10VDC ）信号作为 PAC 输入。正常情况下，
4mA 传感器输出对应于导叶处于完全关闭位置，完全打开位置为 20mA 输出。
注意：必须配置隔离模块的输出，如果隔离模块的输出不是控制器所需的信号
（表示类型和范围），则应检查配置 ID 。
Guide Vane Displacement

Transducer
导叶位移传感器
6.2 Main distribution valve displacement transducer
Normally we supply one main distribution valve displacement transducer, located on t
he top of the main distribution valve, to measure the displacement of the main distrib
ution valve. The transducer output is -10V to +10V voltage signal, so we need 0V is cor
respond with the center position of the main distribution valve. It’s important for the
performance of the governor.
6.2 主配压阀位移传感器
通常我们提供一个主配压阀位移传感器，位于主配压阀顶部，用于测量主配压阀
的位移。传感器输出为 -10V 至 +10V 电压信号，因此我们需要 0V 与主配压阀的
中心位置相对应。这对调速器的性能很重要。
6.3 Frequency Measuring Board
Each channel of the controller has a frequency measuring board, which have four plu
s-shaping circuits, one used for grid frequency measure and other threes are used for
unit speed measure. Frequency measures have four sections:
1) Pulse shaping circuits
2) Period time counter
3) Frequency calculation
4) Serialize communication interface
The pulse shaping circuits are used to shape the frequency signal to pulse signal, it hav
e no relevant with the voltage of the source signal. Signals of PT are isolated by the iso
lation transformer and then are shaped to produce a corresponding square wave signa
ls, the height of the wave signals are all the same but the frequency is equal to the fre
quency of source PT signals. Any time when the residual voltage is greater than
0.3V, even at no excitation condition, the shape circuits will produce correct square wa
ve signal. Then the square wave signals from the pulse shaping circuit are sent to the C
PU internal cycle time counter to calculate the frequencies, the result will be send to t
he main controller by RS232 communication port.
The frequency measuring circuit of the governor includes the measuring of the grid
frequency and the unit frequency. The measuring of the unit frequency is composed
of the residual voltage frequency measuring and the speed measurement of fluted
disc. The residual voltage frequency is measured by the secondary side voltage of PT
at the generator terminal. However, the speed measurement of fluted disc is realized
by the speed measurement device installed on the main shaft of the unit.
Where f=pn/60
f——frequency
p——Generator pole pairs
n——Generator rated speed
6.3 测频板
控制器的每个通道都有一个测频板，测频板上有四个脉冲整形电路，一个用于电
网测频，另三个用于机组转速测量。频率测量有四个部分：
1 ）脉冲整形电路
2 ）时段计数器
3 ）频率计算
4 ）串行通信接口
脉冲整形电路用于将频率信号整形为脉冲信号，与源信号的电压无关。 PT 信号
经隔离变压器隔离后形成相应的方波信号，波形的高度相同但频率与源 PT 信号
的频率相等。只要残压电压大于 0.3V ，即使在无励磁条件下，波形电路也会产
生正确的方波信号。然后将来自脉冲整形电路的方波信号发送到 CPU 内循环时
间计数器进行频率计算，计算结果通过 RS232 通信口发送到主控制器。
调速器频率测量回路包括电网频率测量以及机组频率的测量，其中机组频率的测
量是由残压测频以及齿盘测频组成。残压测频是利用机端 PT 二次侧电压来测量
的，然而，齿盘测速是通过安装在机组主轴的测速装置来实现的。
frequency measure board sketch

6.4 Power Transducer
A power transducer is supplied to measure the active power, using three-phase three-
wire system and two currents (A phase, C phase) as the transducer inputs 。 All signal
s are from the PT and CT in the generator sides.
The output of the active power transducer is 4-20mA current signal or 2-10V voltage si
gnal, Normally 4mA or 2 V is correspond with the 0 MW power output and 20mA or 1
0V correspond with the maximum power the transducer can measure.
The 4-20mA active power signal must isolated by the isolate module and transfer to 2-
10V voltage signal to meet the analog input channel need of the controller.
The 2-10V (or 1-5V) voltage output signals no need the isolate module (M4 for exampl
e) and can be sent directly to the analog input channel.
6.4 功率传感器
采用三相三线制和两路电流（ A 相、 C 相）作为传感器输入，提供功率传感器测
量有功功率，所有信号均来自发电机侧的 PT 和 CT 。
有功功率变换器的输出为 4-20mA 电流信号或 2-10V 电压信号，通常 4mA 或 2 V
对应于 0 兆瓦的功率输出， 20mA 或 10V 对应于传感器可以测量的最大功率。
4-20mA 有功功率信号必须由隔离模块隔离，并转换成 2-10V 电压信号，以满足
控制器模拟输入通道的需要。
2-10V （或 1-5V ）电压输出信号不需要隔离模块（例如 M4 ），可以直接发送到
模拟输入通道。
isolate
module
Power
Transducer
6.5 Power Circuits
电源回路
6.5
AC220V is mainly used for heater, cooling fan, lamp, power socket and
providing working power for power transmitter.AC220V 主要用于加热器、冷
却风扇、灯、电源插座以及给功率变送器提供工作电源。
EV11 紧急停机电磁阀 Tripping Soleniod valve power supply
20 means the 20th

page, 1 for ordinate,
and A for abscissa.
20 表示第 20 页， 1 表
示纵坐标， A 表示横坐
标。
DC220V power input monitoring relay

DC220V 电源输入监视继电器
The auxiliary contacts of circ

uit breaker and relay are con
nected to DCS to monitor thei
r status. 断路器、继电器的辅
助触点接入 DCS ，监视其状
态。
6.5 Power Circuits
电源回路
9 is the common termi

nal, 1 and 9 form the n
ormally closed contact,
Power Module ： 5 and 9 form the norm
Convert the inp ally open contact.9 为
公共端， 1 和 9 组成常
ut DC 220V po
闭接点， 5 和 9 组成常
wer supply to 开接点。
DC24V;can wo
rk as AC/DC or KA3/KA4 ： Powe
DC/DC convert r Module Monitor R
er. elay
将输入的 DC
220V 电源转换
为 DC24V
The diode module only allows current t

o flow in a single direction 二极管模块
只允许电流由单一方向流动
6.5 Power Circuits
电源回路
Temperature controller: when the temperature

The panel lamp controlled
inside the cabinet reaches the starting conditio
by the travel switch is on w
n, the heater will be started automatically for h
hen the panel door is open
eating or the cooling fan will be started automa
ed and off when the panel
tically for cooling.
door is closed. 由行程开关
温度控制器：当屏柜内部温度达到启动条件时，
控制的屏柜照明灯，当屏
自动启动加热器加热或自动启动冷却风扇散热。
柜门打开时，灯亮；当屏
柜门关闭时，灯灭。
6.5 Power Circuits
电源回路
Automatic component of g
overnor system DC24V po
wer supply circuit
调速器系统自动元件
DC24V 供电回路
6.5 Power Circuits
电源回路
Relay power supply and

auxiliary power supply
继电器供电及辅助电源
6.6 Controller Communication Diagram
Controller A
控制器 A 控制器通讯总览
HMI
Communication protocol con

verter to convert RS232 com
munication to RS485 commu
nication 通信规约转换器，将
RS232 通讯转换为 RS485 通
讯
The hub trans

mits the input
signals of cont
roller a and co
The COM1 port of controller A and the COM1 port of co ntroller B to th
COM3 port of controller A and COM3 port e HMI
of controller B are Parallel connected to ntroller B are respectively connected to the input
terminal of the communication protocol converter, and t 集线器将控制
DCS communication port for 器 A 和控制器
communication. he output terminal is connected in parallel to the clock
timing port of DCS for clock timing. 控制器 A 的 COM1 B 的输入信号，
控制器 A 的 COM3 端口和控制器 B 的传输给 HMI
COM3 端口并联接在 DCS 的通讯端口，进端口和控制器 B 的 COM1 端口分别接在通讯规约转换器
行通讯。的输入端，其输出端并联后接在 DCS 的时钟校正端口，
进行时钟校正。
控制器通讯总览
Terminal 1 is the co
mmon terminal, whic
h is connected to the
DC24V positive pow
er supply. 端子 1 为
公共端，接在
DC24V 正电源上。
DI Module:The start/stop comd from

DCS;The GCB status from DCS;The
emergency/quick shutdown from
DCS;Select Channel A/B;Manual
Control;Channel A OK;Regulator OK
DC24V power supply

DC24V 电源
DI Module
AI Module
DC24V power supply

DC24V 电源
DI Module
DO Module
AO Module
DI Module
AO Module
After isolating by optocoupler isolation module, commands from DCS such as start CMD, stop CMD, GCB Status, remote setting INC, remote
setting DEC and emergency / quick shutdown are transmitted to the controller DI module.
来自 DCS 的开机令、停机令、油开关、远方给定增加、远方给定减少、紧急快速停机等命令经过光耦隔离模块的隔离后，传输给控制
的 DI 模块。
optocoupler isol
ation module
6.7 DI Module
数字量输入
Optocoupler isolation is to use optocoupler for isolation. The structure of the
optocoupler is equivalent to encapsulating the light-emitting diode and the
photosensitive triode together. There is no direct connection between the two
isolated circuits due to the optocoupler isolation circuit, mainly to prevent
interference caused by the connection with electricity, especially between the low-
voltage control circuit and the external high-voltage circuit.
光耦隔离就是采用光耦合器进行隔离。光耦合器的结构相当于把发光二极管和光
敏三极管封装在一起。光耦隔离电路使被隔离的两部分电路之间没有电的直接连
接，主要是防止因有电的连接而引起的干扰，特别是低压的控制电路与外部高压
电路之间。
6.7 DI Module
数字量输入
6.7 DI Module
数字量输入
6.7 DI Module
数字量输入
6.8 DO Module
数字量输出
Channel A and channel B are stan
dby for each other. In normal opera
tion, channel A is active, channel B
is not active. When channel A fails
or manually switches to channel B f
or operation, channel B is active an
d sends channel A failure signal. 通
道 A 和通道 B 互为备用，正常运行
时，以通道 A 为主用，通道 B 为备
用；当通道 A 故障或手动切换至通
道 B 运行时，此时通道 B 为主用，
并发出通道 A 故障信号。
信号输出继电器 Signal output relay

6.8 DO Module
数字量输出
Controller DO module. When the regulator operates nor

mally, the internal contact of its DO module is closed an
d the corresponding relay will get power.
控制器 DO 模块。当调节器运行正常时，其 DO 模块的
内部接点闭合，相应的继电器得电。信号输出继电器 Signal output relay
6.8 DO Module
数字量输出
6.9 AI Module
The displacement sign
al from the guide vane
is converted into 4-20
mA current signal thro
ugh the servomotor
模拟量输入
position transducer. 来
自导叶的位移信号通过
导叶位移传感器转换为
4 ～ 20mA 电流信号。
4-20mA current
signals cannot be
connected in parallel,
but can only operate
in series
4 ～ 20mA 电流信号不
能并联在一起，只能
串联运行
DC24V Power Circuit

DC24V 电源回路
Because the AI module of the

controller cannot process 4-2
0mA current signal, it is nece
ssary to convert the current si
gnal into 2-10v voltage signal
and transmit it to the AI modu
le of the controller. 由于控制
器 AI 模块不能处理 4 ～
20mA 电流信号，所以需要将
电流信号转换成 2 ～ 10V 电
压信号，传输给控制器 AI 模
块。
6.9 AI Module
模拟量输入
6.10 AO Module
模拟量输出
After the CPU of the two controllers A / B c

alculates the input signals, the AO module
of the controller will output the servomotor
control signals. When channel A is active,
K1 relay gets power, its auxiliary normally o
pen contact will be closed, and servomotor
control signal of controller A is output. 两套
控制器 A/B 的 CPU 通过对输入的信号进行
运算后，控制器的 AO 模块将输出导叶控制
信号。当通道 A 主用时， K1 继电器得电，
辅助常开触点闭合，将控制器 A 的导叶控制
信号输出。
The servomotor control signal

output by AO module is transmitted
to the servo proportional valve
power amplifier board.AO 模块输出
的导叶控制信号，传输至伺服比例
阀功放板。
6.10 AO Module
模拟量输出
6.11 Power Transducer
功率传感器
6.12 Frequency Measure
Transfer the measured unit freque
ncy and grid frequency to the com
测频模块
munication port of the controller for
CPU call. 将测量的机组频率与电网
频率传输至控制器的通讯端口共
CPU 调用。电网电压互感器
Grid Voltage Form VT
机端电压互感器
Uint Voltage From VT
the speed
measurement
of fluted disc
6.13 Servo Propotional Valve
伺服比例阀
Servo proportion
al valve fault out
put 伺服比例阀故
障输出
The servomotor control signal

output by AO module is transmitted
to the servo proportional valve
power amplifier board.AO 模块输出
的导叶控制信号，传输至伺服比例
阀功放板。
The weak signal reflected in the co
ntrol process is amplified (current or
voltage) to drive the proportional va
lve parameters to change proportio
nally, so as to realize the purpose o
f automatic control 对控制过程中反
映出来的微弱信号进行放大 ( 电流或
电压 ) 以驱动比例阀参数按比例随之
变化 , 实现自动控制的目的 .
6.14 Operation Circuit
操作回路
6.15 Signal lamp
信号灯
6.16 Solenoid Valve Circuit
电磁阀回路
6.17Tripping Soleniod Valve
紧急停机电磁阀
7.1 inspection focus points
7.1.1 governor electrical cabinet
1) HMI: there is no black screen on the HMI, and the unit frequency, opening and pow
er value are consistent with the unit operation status.
2) frequency measurement module: the operation indicator light of the module is on,
the fault indicator light is off, and there is no heating or burning.
3) power module: normal operation, no abnormal heating, etc.
4) PAC: all input and output modules operate normally.
5) servo proportional valve power amplifier board: no fault signal.
6) control switch: all AC and DC air switches are in the closing position.
7) wiring terminal: the wiring shall be free of looseness and heating.
8) temperature controller and lighting lamp: the temperature controller operates nor
mally, the lighting lamp is intact and put into operation.
9) relay: consistent with the operation status of the unit, without abnormal heating.
7.1 检查要点
7.1.1 调速器电气柜
1) 触摸屏：触摸屏无黑屏现象，机组频率、开度、功率值与机组运行状态一致。
2) 测频模块：模块运行指示灯灯亮，故障指示灯熄灭，无发热及烧焦等现象。
3) 电源模块：运行正常，无异常发热等情况。
4) PAC ：各输入、输出模块运行正常。
5) 伺服比例阀功放板：无故障信号。
6) 控制开关：各交流、直流空气开关均在合闸位置。
7) 接线端子：接线无松动及发热现象。
8) 温控器、照明灯：温控器运行正常，照明灯完好并投入运行。
9) 继电器：与机组运行状态相一致，无异常发热情况。
7.1.2 governor mechanical cabinet
1) the Governor shall operate stably, and the main distributing valve shall be free of
abnormal vibration.
2) the servo proportional valve, manual operation valve, manual automatic switching
solenoid valve and emergency stop solenoid valve operate normally, and the valve
group has no oil leakage.
3) the power supply of the device in the cabinet is normal.
7.1.2 调速器机械柜
1) 调速器应运行稳定，主配压阀无异常抽动、振动现象。
2) 伺服比例阀、手动操作阀、手自动切换电磁阀、紧急停机电磁阀运行正常，
阀组无渗漏油情况。
3) 屏柜内装置电源正常。
7.2 Operation
7.2.1 Auto start
1) the governor in auto mode, no fault and alarm, the governor at "ready to start" stat
es.
2) Received the "Start Command" from the control room, fast open the
guide vane to No-load opening limit at a preset rate, at same time start checking the
unit speed, when the speed is greater than 80% of rated speed, enter the starting
speed control mode (starting PID regulation mode), then control the turbine to rated
speed according the start ramp given in software. When the speed is greater than 95%
of rated speed, enter the No-load regulation mode and tracking grid frequency(need
set the grid frequency tracking selection item on), at the same time, the governor
enable the operation of the frequency "increase / decrease" command from the
synchronization device, regulate the frequency and prepare to fast synchronous.
7.2.2 Power generation
1) After synchronous, the governor will slightly increase the guide vane opening to
avoid the synchronous condense regulation mode. At the same time, the electrical
opening limit will be set to the maximum allowable opening according the current
water head.
2) In the auto remote mode, the operator can change the power output by remote
digital command "set point increase" and "set point decrease", or change the power
output set point by communication. The rate of adjustments from digital command is
2.5% opening per second, and it can be changed according the needs of the user. The
type of the digital commands is a state signal but not plus signal, that means the
governor will stop regulation when the command is loss or withdraw.
3) In local control mode, the operator can do any adjustment, testing or controls from
HMI or button on the panel and the remote control signals are masked.
7.2.3 shutdown
The governor in auto generation mode, when receive the shutdown command, the
governor close the guide vane to completely close status, and set the opening
reference to -5%, ensure the guide vane is completely closed and avoid accident start.
7.2.4 Isolated running mode
Isolated (or island) running mode can only run on the state of GCB closing status. In
the following cases the governor will run at the isolated mode:
1) Receive external isolated running command; the isolate command may from the
remote control room or the SCADA system.
2) The governor detected that the unit frequency beyond the preset island detects
frequency range; Governor will automatically enter the isolated running mode. The
frequency range can be adjusted according what you need. In addition, the auto
isolate detect function can be forbidden.
In isolated running mode, the governor is in speed regulation mode, for the reason of
avoiding the great frequency fluctuations. The PID parameter for isolated mode
should be test and set separately. If the external isolated command disappeared and
the frequency return to normal frequency range, after 3 minutes delay the governor
will exit the isolated running mode.
7.2.5 Load rejection
Governor in auto power generation mode, when receive the GCB off signal, the
opening limit will be set to no-load opening limits directly, at the same time the
governor runs in speed control mode and regulates the speed to rated speed.
7.2.6 Manual, auto, local and remote control mode
1) The front panel of the electrical cabinet has four buttons, one for tripping
operation, one for tripping reset and the other two for manual/auto control mode
selections. When the governor in manual control mode, the remote control signals are
masked(such as: start, stop, set point increase and set point decrease control signals
etc.), and the governor only accept the manual increase and manual decrease control
signals.
2) When the governor in local control mode, the remote set point increase and the
remote set point decrease signal are masked, you can only control the governor only
by local HMI. When the governor in remote mode you can only operate the governor
by remote commands. When the governor in auto operation, no matter the governor
in local or remote control mode, the tripping, start and stop commands are
acceptable.
8 Maintenance Considerations, Planning/Preventive Maintenance Time
Table 维护注意事项、规划 / 预防性维护时间表
8.1 Hydraulic system maintenance
The device is integrated hydraulic servo proportional system; the whole device is valv
e blocks structure and each hydraulic element are set on the valve blocks. Dimension
of internal oil line the valve blocks is a bit large, so at normal running without special
condition, the device is free of maintenance.
8.1.1 Daily maintenance
1) Although the device sets a cabinet, it doesn't isolate from surrounding and the dust
will appear to the internal of cabinet as time goes on. So the daily maintenance we
should pay more attention to clean dust in the cabinet to avoid dust and leaked oil
mixing to form oil slick which will plug leakage hole in floor.
2) Every some time units running especially new starting or running some time after
overhaul, ought to examine terminal, fixed bolt for element etc. to avoid bad touch
aroused by looseness which will influence safe running for units
8.1.2 Use, maintenance for filter
1) The device use duplex filter which can changeover online. It's constituted of
changeover valve, differential pressure signal device, pressure balance valve, duplex
filter and filter element etc. Before inputting oil to filter, its' changeover valve rod
must set at level position and insert of rod to location hole to avoid don't changeover
to specified position and lower circulating performance of filter. Arrow direction of
changeover rod point is for work filter. At working process of filter, impurity, dirt will
be leached by filter element and clean oil will input control system. As time goes on,
more and more dirt will appear on filter element which can make it appear differential
pressure. When differential pressure value reaches regulated value of its differential
pressure signal device, it will send out referential signal and maintenance person
ought to changeover filter, change dirty filter element.
2) The filter is on-line changeover type. So changeover at working condition and
change filter element can all proceed under units running. Steps for filter changeover
and filter element change goes as follow:
(a) Open pressure balance valve to make changeover valve suffer balance force;
(b) Pull out dowel pin of changeover rod;
(c) Make handle turned 180°and insert dowel pin;
(d) Shut pressure balance valve, changeover has completed.
(e) Turn-on screw-cap of filter which needs change filer element;
(f) Turn-on filter;
(g) Change filter element;
(h) Mount filter;
(i) Open balance valve and input oil, discharge air; Shut balance valve and turn when
discharge;
(j) Clean;
(k) Finishing change filter element to prepare for units safe running and next time
change.
8.1.3 Integrated valve bocks and element maintenance
Almost hydraulic element for governor hydraulic servomechanism is integrated on
integrated valve blocks, and its working state is direct influence working state of the
whole governor. So maintenance for the valve blocks is one of the key of governor
maintenance. In integrated valve blocks, between valves, valve element and valve are
all used O-ring to make certain the reliable sealing. But aged, get rigid or defective O-
ring can't perform as sealing. So whenever any valve or element tear down, should
examine whether O-ring is aged, get rigid, intact, otherwise should change. Exactly
using the standard of O-ring is precondition of reliable sealing. So at assemblage,
should seriously check if the standard of sealing ring in each sealing contact is
right and should ensure sealing ring is entirely put into its chamfer. If sealing ring
chamfer is under valve body, to ensure sealing ring couldn't drop off at assembly, can
smear a little grease to stick sealing ring. At valve blocks and valve element assembly,
its internal and sealing face must be cleaned and should force uniformly when each
bolt screw on to make sealing faces tightly. If it is need to tear down each valve when
repair, the valve torn down should put to soft, smoothing and clean place such as
rubber, paper pad etc. and there can't has any little and rigid things to avoid its
surface being scuffed and influence sealing
8.1.4 Maintenance for flow feedback valve
At manually operating, flow feedback valve is control element, its output signal
control main distributing valve; at automatic operation, the valve is following element,
it follows offset of servomotor which can take certain about changeover without
perturbation from automatic to manual. When clean the valve, should pay attention
to control window in large piston and control valve disc on little piston which are both
can't be damaged. After cleaning, each hole should be cleaned and plug technique
hole by screw plug and combination sealing mat. Before return assembly, should
examine low rubbing sealing ring for under flange and sealing element for other
sealing contact if are all intact.
8.1.5 Maintenance for main distributing valve
1) Main distributing valve is one of the important parts of hydraulic servomechanism,
it directly influence performance of governor and maintain its well working state. It's
the most important work of governor maintenance. Main distributing valve is
composed of main distributing valve liner 、 lining 、 piston,auxiliary servomotor
liner, piston, flow feedback valve liner, needle plug etc. The Fititng dimension and
tolerance of key element are all through carefully design and produced by accurate
process and special heat treatment technique. So it's must be careful when
maintenance.
2) According to maintenance requirement for plant device, after some running time,
generate units and govemor need necessary repair and maintenance and governor
also need teardown and clean. When teardown and clean,the main distributing valve
piston, liner etc must be careful and can't be damaged, otherwise it will Influence
perfomance of govemor and increase oil cost. As a serious result, safety of units
running may be influenced
8.2 Electrical system maintenance
8.2.1 24VDC power circuits checking
Check the voltage level of the 24VDC power circuits and make sure the power
modules have sufficient capacity to meet the needs, particularly on single power
module conditions. Check the voltage of the control circuits after close the 24V MCB,
the voltage value should be consistent with the value marked on the circuit diagram.
8.2.2 220VAC or 220VDC failure test
Disconnect AC220V or DC220V power supply, switch to single power supply mode, the
output of the electrical cabinet should be normal and no disturb detected.
8.2.3 PT frequency measurement test
Connect the output terminal of frequency generator to the PT input of the frequency
measure board and simulate the unit frequency PT1, PT2 and grad frequency PT. the
output of the frequency generator should be sin signal.
1) The accuracy of frequency measurements test
Compare the input with measured value and check the accuracy of the frequency
measurements:
Frequency input (Hz) Measured frequency (Hz)
10.00 10.00
20.00 20.00
30.00 30.00
40.00 40.00
45.00 45.00 Attention: you can get the frequency from the H
49.00 49.00 MI or from particular software offered by DEC.
2) Residual voltage frequency measurements test
49.50 49.50 Set the frequency of the frequency generator output a
50.00 50.00 t 50Hz, adjust the amplitude of the output,
50.50 50.50 fix the amplitude no less than 0.3V, the frequency me
asured should be stable and accurate.
51.00 51.00
55.00 55.00
60.00 60.00
80.00 80.00
8.2.4 SSG frequency measurements test
Connect the output terminal of frequency generator to the SSG input of the frequency
measure board and simulate the unit frequency SSG signal. The output of the
frequency generator should be square signal.
The test methods are just same as PT frequency measurements, but SSG frequency
measurements donot have residual voltage test.
8.2.5 Guide vane displacement feedback signal check
Connect the guide vane displacement transducer to the governor external terminal
according the diagram of the governor, and then adjust the position of the transducer
to make sure that the transducer produce 4mA output signal when the guide vane is
close and produce 20mA output signal when the guide vane is completely opened.
The output of the guide vane displacement transducer will be isolated by ADAM3014
and produce a 2-10V voltage signal, the voltage signal will send to the PAC analog
input channel.
Change the output of the transducer or simulate the guide vane move, check the
linearity and the accuracy of the displacement measurements.
Transducer output (mA) guide vane position (%)
4.0 0.0
8.0 25.0
12.0 50.0
16.0 75.0
20.0 100.0
8.2.6 Main Distributing valve displacement measurements
Connect the main distributing valve displacement transducer to governor external
terminal according the diagram of the governor, and then adjust the main distributing
valve mechanical and electrical center. Checks on HMI whether it’s correct display the
position of the main distributing valve position or not.
Transducer output (V) measured value (%)
-10.0 -100.0
-5.0 -50.0
0.0 0.0
5.0 50.0
10.0 100.0
8.2.7 Auto start test
When the prepared working for “auto start” is ready
(this is always after the manual start and check the
unit), and receive “auto start” command, the
governor will fast open the guide vane at the first
start rate to approximately 11% and fast increase the
speed, when the frequency reach to 20Hz, the
governor will properly increase the opening limits, but
not exceed 1.5 times of the no-load opening setting.
The governor will always check the speed increase,
when the speed exceed a preset value (47.5Hz
normally) the governor will enter the no-load PID
regulation mode, then adjust and keep the speed at
rated speed (50Hz). During this process, the units
speed increase according
to the rate presetting in software (this can modified
according what you need.), this not only increase the
speed fast but also improve the stable of the unit
speed, quicken the synchronous process and shorten
the unit starting time.
8.2.8 Manual to Auto switch over test
the Governor is in Manual mode ,reset all fault in the HMI and check whether the
auto mode tracing is OK, then press the Auto mode button, the governor will switch to
auto mode.
8.2.9 Auto to Manual switch over test
The governor operates in auto mode, in the following condition the governor will
switch to Manual mode:
1) Switch over by button, the operator switch the governor to Manual mode by press
the Manual button on the panel or on the HMI.
2) Automatic switch over when fault occurs in Auto mode, any one of the following
fault will cause the automatic switch over (Hydraulic manual only):
A, The redundancy power supply fault at the same time, the governor will switch to
Manual mode.
B, Servo system fault.
C, Servo proportional valve Amplifier fault.
D, The guide vane position feedback signal fault.
8.2.10 Redundancy power supply module switch over
Test Conditions: Give a simulated frequency signal to keep fj=fn=50Hz, and close the
circuit break of the redundancy power supply, switch the governor to Auto mode and
keep the frequency reference fg=50Hz, keep the guide vane position reference y=50%.
Test methods:
1) Open the circuit break of AC power supply and simulate the AC power supply fault,
and check the guide vane position change when switch over, the switch over will not
cause obvious position change of the guide vane.
2) Close the AC power supply and open the DC power supply, and check the guide
vane position change when switch over (both circuit break open and close), the switch
over will not cause obvious position change of the guide vane.
8.2.11 The frequency source switch over test
Test Conditions: Give a 50Hz simulated frequency signal for both unit frequency PT1
and unit frequency PT2 ; Close the circuit break of the power supply, switch the
governor to Auto mode and keep the frequency reference fg=50Hz, keep the guide
vane position reference y=50%.
Test methods:
1) Open the PT1 input test terminal to simulate PT1 fault, the unit frequency will use
the source of PT2 frequency, then open the PT2 input test terminal to simulate PT2
fault, the unit frequency will switch to the SSG frequency, at the end, open the SSG
signal input, simulate all frequency fault, the governor will switch to manual control
mode and keep the guide vane opening position.
2) Exchange the sequence of the frequency faults, and check the guide vane position
moving.
Criterion: The switch over should not cause obviously position change of the guide
vane, Less than 1%.
8.2.12 Redundancy controller switch over test
Test Conditions: Give a 50Hz simulated frequency signal for both unit frequency and
grid frequency; Close the circuit break of the power supply, switch the governor to
Auto mode and keep the frequency reference fg=50Hz, keep the guide vane position
reference y=50%.
Test Methods:
1) From HMI, the governor operates under the controller A,switch to controller B and
check the movement of the guide vane.
2) Simulate the fault of the channel A or B, and simulate the auto switch over of the
main channel.
Criterion: The switch over should not cause obviously position change of the guide
vane, Less than 1%.
8.2.13 Protection function test
1) The unit in normal condition, simulate frequency fault, the governor will switch to
electric manual mode and the guide vane should not have obviously position changes.
2) The unit in normal condition, simulate the fault of the guide vane feedback signal,
the governor should switch to manual mode, and the guide vane should not have
obviously position changes.
3) The unit in normal condition, simulate the fault of the servo system fault, the
governor should switch to manual mode, and the guide vane should not have
4) The unit in normal condition, simulate the fault of power supply both AC and DC,
the governor should switch to manual mode, and the guide vane should not have
9.1 Power supply failure
Phenomenon:
All parts or several parts of the governor are power off and no power is detected by
multi-meter.
Reasons and processing method:
1) Check the insulation resistance of the circuits to find out whether there is short circ
uit or not.
2) Check the power supply of the cabinet, and find out whether it's a fault from the ex
ternal equipments or not?
3) Check the input and output of the power supply module and find out whether it's p
ower module broken?
4) Check the status of the MCB(Minimum Circuits Breaker)
5) Check the fuse.
Attention: If a short circuit is found in the internal side of the power supply module,
the corresponding fuse is fused; please eliminate the short circuit before replacing t
he fuse.
9.2 Channel fault (switch to standby)
Phenomenon:
The governor switches to standby channel and the main channel have an error signal.
You can found the reason of the fault according the error mark displayed on the
HMI.
1) Check the module of the error channel.
2) Check if the unit frequency failure occurs.
3) Check if the GV (guide vane) feedback failure occurs.
4) Check if the MV (main distribution valve) feedback failure occurs.
5) Check the power supply of this channel.
9.3 Governor Fault(switch to (electric) manual mode)
Phenomenon:
Governor Switches to (electric) manual mode, two channels has unit frequency failure
or "Comm. With FM" failure signal in the "Fault Inf" menus.
1) Unit frequency failure happened in both channels; check the frequency measure
circuits and frequency board communication.
9.4 Governor Fault(switch to hydraulic manual mode)
Phenomenon:
Governor Switches to hydraulic manual mode, two channels have error signal in the
"Fault Inf" menus
All reasons in 8.2 are happened in two channel at the same time will cause the
governor fault signal.
9.5 Guide Vane servo loop fault
Criterion: when the error between the PID control signal output and the guide vane
position feedback is greater than a preset value (0.8%) and persistence a longer time
than the set time, the governor will give out a "Guide vane servo loop Fault" fault
signal.
Attention: On emergency stop condition, the guide vane actual position is greater
than 95% or less than 3%, the governor will stop the monitor and judgment the Guide
vane servo loop fault.
1) Guide vane position feedback signal failure.
When the guide vane position feedback signal is failure, the governor close-loop
control is broken, when the judgment time is over, the governor will give out the
"Guide vane servo loop" failure signal and switch to standby channel running or
manual mode running.
2) Main distribution valve position feedback signal failure
When the Main distribution valve position feedback signal failure, different reason
may cause different phenomenon, for example the guide vane move directly to one
single direction or the guide vane large range twitch. When the judgment time is over,
the governor will give out the "Guide vane servo loop" failure signal and switch to
standby channel running or manual mode running.
3) The analog input/output module failure
The analog input module failure may cause the failure as above item 1) and 2).
When the analog output module failure, the PID control signal is cut off, so the control
signal can't reach the actuator, When the judgment time is over, the governor will give
out the "Guide vane servo loop" failure signal and switch to standby channel running
or manual mode running.
4) The servo proportional valve blocked
When the servo proportional valve blocked, the servo system will out of control,
according the blocked position , the guide vane will increase or decrease and the load
will increase or decrease.
It's recommended to replace the servo proportional valve and filter the oil.
5) The servo proportional valve amplifier failure
When the servo proportional valve amplifier failure, the governor will switch to
manual mode directly. Check the amplifier boards if the board is broken, replace it.
9.6 Guide vane position feedback signal failure
Criterion: The governor has a beyond boundary detection and line break detection
function to detect the feedback failure signal.
The guide vane position feedback signal is a 4-20mA currents signal, the isolate and
modulation module transfer the 4-20mA currents signal to 2-10V (or 1-5V) voltage
signal and send it to controller analog input channel, if the signal is less than 1.5V, it's
considered the guide vane position feedback signal is failure and the governor will
switch to standby channel or manual mode running.
1) The guide vane position transducer broken
Check the power supply and output range of transducer to find out the reasons. If the
transducer is broken, replace it.
2) The isolate and modulation module broken
If the guide vane position transducer is ok, Check the output of the isolate and
modulation module and find out is there a failure exists on the module.
3) A/D module broken
If the input signal of the A/D module is OK, but the signal measurements is error, you
9.7 Main distribution valve position feedback signal failure
Criterion: The main distribution valve position feedback signal is ±10V voltage signal,
it's isolated by the isolate and modulation module and send it to analog input channel.
Because the main distribution valve position feedback signal is ±10V voltage signal, so
the governor only do the line break detection.
1) The main distribution valve position transducer failure
Check the power supply and the linearity of transducer to find out the reasons. If the
If the main distribution valve position transducer is ok, Check the output of the isolate
and modulation module and find out whether there is a failure about the module.
On some applications, the isolate and modulation module is not necessary and not
exist.
can get the conclusion, the A/D module is broken. Please replace it.
9.8 Active power feedback signal fault
Criterion: The active power feedback signal is a 4-20mA currents signal, the isolate
and modulation module transfer the 4-20mA currents signal to 2-10V (or 1-5V)
voltage signal and send it to controller analog input channel, The governor has a
beyond boundary detection and line break detection function to detect the failure of
the power feedback signal.
1) The active power transducer failure
2) PT signal fault
The PT signal is a 100V AC voltage signal; check the voltage of the PT signal.
3) CT signal fault
Check if the current exist in the CT circuit.
Attention: the Open circuit is forbidden in CT circuits.
If all the reasons above are checked ok, Check the output of the isolate and
modulation module and find out is there a failure exists on the module.
9.9 Water head signal failure
Criterion: The Water head signal is a 4-20mA currents signal, the isolate and
modulation module transfer the 4-20mA currents signal to 2-10V (or 1-5V) voltage
signal and send it to controller analog input channel, the governor have both the
beyond boundary detection and line break detection for this signal to decided
whether the signal is ok.
The failure of the water head signal has no effect to the governor normal running. If
the water head signal is failure the governor automatic select the artificial water head
as the running water head.
1) The water head transducer broken
Check the input and output of the isolate and modulation module and find out is
there a failure exists on the module
9.10 Unit frequency failure
Criterion: If governor is on running condition (except the start and stop process) and
can't receive unit frequency signal during a periods, it's assumed that the unit
frequency is failure.
1) PT or/and SSG signal failure
Check the wire of PT or/and SSG signal (normally the PT is 100VAC and the SSG is Plus
signal). If the wire is ok, please check the SSG transducer or PT transformer.
2) Communication failure
When communication failure occurs, the unit frequency and the grid frequency failure
occur at the same time. You can check the "MF comm. failure" signal from HMI. The
communication failure is almost caused by error set of the communication jumper or
the cables loosen. You should correctly set the communication jumper “Cross” or
“Direct” according the actual used.
3) FMB(Frequency measure board) broken
Check the power supply of the FMB, it's should be DC 24V.
Check the set of the jumper on the board, if the FMB is broken, please replace it.
9.11 Channel A and Channel B communication failure
Criterion: when the main channel required to communication, and the standby
channel have no response or the response is not correct, it is assumed the
communication is failure between two channels.
1) The communication cable is loosen or broken.
Check the cable and replace it if broken.
2) The controller failure
Check the light on the CPU panel and check the internal parameter, the analog signal
is always changing, if the analog signal is fixed and not changing it's assumed that the
controller is failure.
Please restart the controller if it's failure, if it's really broken please replace it.
9.12 LCU communication failure
Criterion: if the controller can't receive the communication requirement or the date
refresh require is not response, the governor will send out the LCU communication
failure signal.
1) The communication setting not match
Please check the communication protocol (MODBUS-RTU slave), the communication
rate (9600), the odd-even check (NO), the communication port etc.
2) The communication cable loosen or broken.
3) The communication terminal broken
If no reasons are found above, please check the hardware of the communication.
9.13 HMI communication failure
Criterion: If the HMI communication requires is not response by the controller, the
HMI will display the "connect with controller" failure signal.
1) The communication cable loosen or broken.
2) The HMI communication port error
Check the HMI communication port. Some time the exchange the communication
ports or communication device are useful to find out the reason.
9.14 Servo proportional valve amplifier failure
Criterion: The servo proportional valve amplifier have a self fault detect function, if
the servo proportional valve amplifier is failure, a failure signal will send to controller
directly, and a red /yellow light is used to indicate the error on the amplifier.
1) The power supply failure
Please check the power supply of the amplifier board. If the board has no power
supply, no light to indication the condition of the amplifier board. If the voltage of
power supply is less than the minimum voltage, a red light is lighted.
2) The servo proportional valve feedback signal failure
If the yellow light is on, it's indicated that the wire breaks or mismatch is exists. Please
check the wire of the feedback signal.
3) The amplifier board fault
If the input of the amplifier board is change but the output of the board is not change
it's assumed that the amplifier board is failure.
9.15 DI/O module failure
Criterion: The DI/O module have a self fault detect function, if the status of the DI/O
module is 0, it's assumed that the DI/O module is failure.
1) The configure is not match the actual address
If the configure is not match the actual address (such as the DI/O module is in AI
module location), the governor can't access the DI/O module and the DI/O module is
on failure status.
2) The DI/O module failure
If the configure and the wire is OK, please check the module by replace or exchange
the DI/O module to find out the reasons. The failures DI/O module must be replaced
to avoid enlarge the failure.
9.16 AI module failure
Criterion: The AI module have a self fault detect function, if the status of the AI
module is 0, it's assumed that the AI module is failure.
If the configure is not match the actual address (such as the AI module in DI/O module
location), the governor can't access the AI module and the AI module is on failure
status.
2) The AI module failure
the AI module to find out the reasons. The failure AI module must be replaced to
avoid enlarge the failure.
3) AI module single channel failure
If an AI input signal is beyond boundary or line break, the governor give out the AI
module channel failure.
9.17 AO module failure
Criterion: The AO module have a self fault detect function, if the status of the AO
module is 0, it's assumed that the AO module is failure.
If the configure is not match the actual address (such as the AO module in DI/O
module location), the governor can't access the AO module and the AO module is on
failure status.
2) The AO module failure
the AO module to find out the reasons. The failure AO module must be replaced to
avoid enlarge the failure.
3) AO module single channel failure
If an AO input signal is beyond boundary or line break, the governor give out the AO
module channel failure.
9.18 PT1 failure
Criterion: The unit is on running condition (except the start and stop process), if the
governor can't detect the frequency signal from PT1, it's assumed that the PT1 is
failure.
1) PT1 line break
If the PT1 line break, the governor gives out a PT1 failure signal, the operator must
check the PT1 circuits to find out the reason and correct.
2) FMB(Frequency measure board) failure
Normally, if the FMB failure, all the frequency signals are failure, the operator can
check the FMB by replace or exchange the FMB.
3) The FMB communication failure
Please check the jumper and the communication cable. The operator can check the
cable by replace a new one or exchange with the gold one to find out the reasons.
9.19 PT2/SSG failure
Criterion: The units on running condition (except the start and stop process), if the
governor can't detect the frequency signal from PT2/SSG, it's assumed that the
PT2/SSG is failure.
1) PT2/SSG line break
If the PT2/SSG line break, the governor gives out the PT2/SSG failure signal, the
operator must check the PT2/SSG circuits to find out the reason and correct. Please
check the PT2 and SSG selection jumper, the jumper selection must correspond with
the type of the actual signal.
2) FMB(Frequency measure board) failure
Normally, if the FMB failure, all the frequency signals are failure, the operator can
check the FMB by replace or exchange the FMB.
3) The FMB communication failure
Please check the jumper and the communication cable. The operator can check the
cable by replace a new one or exchange with the gold one to find out the reasons.
9.20 FMB failure
Criterion: if the communication between the FMB and the controller is failure, the
governor sends out the FMB failure signal.
1) The communication jumper set error
Check the JP4 and JP6, the jumper setting must comply with the actual use.
2) Power supply failure
The FMB power supply is 24VDC, please check the power supply.
3) FMB failure
The operator can check the FMB by replace a new one or exchange with the other one
to find out the reasons.
9.21 The isolate and modulation module failure
Criterion: The input is ok but the output is not match.
1) The DIP switch not match
Please check the DIP switch first. The set methods please refer the hardware manual.
2) Power supply failure
Check the power supply of the module.
3) Module failure
The operator can check the module by replace a new one or exchange with the other
one to find out the reasons.
THANK YOU

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中电建水电开发集团有限公司

powerChinahydropowerdevelopmentgroup co. ， LTD

Where, Kp is the proportional coefficient, Ti is the integral time constant, Td is the

Guide Vane Displacement

frequency measure board sketch

EV11 紧急停机电磁阀 Tripping Soleniod valve power supply

20 means the 20th

DC220V power input monitoring relay

The auxiliary contacts of circ

9 is the common termi

The diode module only allows current t

Temperature controller: when the temperature

Relay power supply and

Communication protocol con

The hub trans

DI Module:The start/stop comd from

DC24V power supply

DC24V power supply

信号输出继电器 Signal output relay

Controller DO module. When the regulator operates nor

DC24V Power Circuit

Because the AI module of the

After the CPU of the two controllers A / B c

The servomotor control signal

The servomotor control signal

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