Lecture 21

PHYSICS 231
INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I
Lecture 21
Last Lecture
Simple Harmonic Motion x = Acos(ωt −φ)

v= −ω Asin(ωt −φ)
a = −ω 2 A(cosωt −φ)
1
f =
T
k
ω= 2π
m ω = 2π f =
T
, f, T determined by mass and spring constant

A, determined by initial conditions: x(0), v(0)
Example 13.3
A 36-kg block is attached to a spring of constant k=600

N/m. The block is pulled 3.5 cm away from its
equilibrium position and is pushed so that is has an initial
velocity of 5.0 cm/s at t=0.
a) What is the position of the block at t=0.75 seconds?
a) -3.39 cm
Example 13.4a
An object undergoing simple harmonic motion follows the
expression,
x(t) = 4 + 2 cos[π (t −3)]
Where x will be in cm if t is in seconds
The amplitude of the motion is:

a) 1 cm
b) 2 cm
c) 3 cm
d) 4 cm
e) -4 cm
Example 13.4b
expression,
x(t) = 4 + 2 cos[π (t −3)]
Here, x will be in cm if t is in seconds
The period of the motion is:

a) 1/3 s
b) 1/2 s
c) 1 s
d) 2 s
e) 2/ s
Example 13.4c
expression,
x(t) = 4 + 2 cos[π (t −3)]
The frequency of the motion is:

a) 1/3 Hz
b) 1/2 Hz
c) 1 Hz
d) 2 Hz
e)  Hz
Example 13.4d
expression,
x(t) = 4 + 2 cos[π (t −3)]
The angular frequency of the motion is:

a) 1/3 rad/s
b) 1/2 rad/s
c) 1 rad/s
d) 2 rad/s
e)  rad/s
Example 13.4e
expression,
x(t) = 4 + 2 cos[π (t −3)]
The object will pass through the equilibrium position

at the times, t = _____ seconds
a) …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 …
b) …, -1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, …
c) …, -1.5, -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, …
d) …, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, …
e) …, -2.5, -0.5, 1.5, 3.5,
Simple Pendulum
F = −m g sinθ
x x
sinθ = ≈
x2 + L2 L
mg
F ≈− x
L
Looks like Hooke’s law (k  mg/L)

Simple Pendulum
F = −m g sinθ
x x
sinθ = ≈
x2 + L2 L
mg
F ≈− x
L
g
ω=
L
θ = θ max cos(ωt − φ)
Simple pendulum
g
ω=
L
Frequency independent of mass and amplitude!

(for small amplitudes)
Pendulum Demo
Example 13.5
A man enters a tall tower, needing to know its height h.
He notes that a long pendulum extends from the roof
almost to the ground and that its period is 15.5 s.
(a) How tall is the tower?

a) 59.7 m
(b) If this pendulum is taken to the Moon, where the
free-fall acceleration is 1.67 m/s2, what is the period
of the pendulum there?
b) 37.6 s
Damped Oscillations
In real systems,
friction slows motion
TRAVELING WAVES
•Sound
•Surface of a liquid
•Vibration of strings
•Electromagnetic
•Radio waves
•Microwaves
•Infrared
•Visible
•Ultraviolet
•X-rays
•Gamma-rays
•Gravity
Longitudinal (Compression) Waves
Elements move parallel to wave motion.
Example - Sound waves

Transverse Waves
Elements move perpendicular to wave motion.
Examples - strings, light waves

Compression and Transverse Waves Demo
Snapshot of a Transverse Wave
⎛ x ⎞
y = Acos⎜ 2π −φ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
wavelength
x
Snapshot of Longitudinal Wave
⎛ x ⎞
y = Acos⎜ 2π −φ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
y could refer to pressure or density

Moving Wave
Replace x with x-vt
⎛ x −vt ⎞ if wave moves to the right.
y = Acos⎜ 2π −φ⎟ Replace with x+vt if
⎝ λ ⎠
wave should move to left.
moves to right with velocity v
Fixing x=0,
⎛ v ⎞
y = Acos⎜ −2π t −φ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠ v
f = , v= fλ
λ
Moving Wave: Formula Summary
v = fλ
⎡ ⎛x ⎞ ⎤
y = Acos⎢2π ⎜ m ft⎟ −φ ⎥
⎣ ⎝λ ⎠ ⎦
- moving to right
+ moving to left
Example 13.6a
A wave traveling in the

positive x direction has a
frequency of f = 25.0 Hz as
shown in the figure. The
wavelength is:
a) 5 cm
b) 9 cm
c) 10 cm
d) 18 cm
e) 20 cm
Example 13.6b

shown in the figure. The
amplitude is:
a) 5 cm
b) 9 cm
c) 10 cm
d) 18 cm
e) 20 cm
Example 13.6c

shown in the figure. The speed
of the wave is:
a) 25 cm/s
b) 50 cm/s
c) 100 cm/s
d) 250 cm/s
e) 500 cm/s
Example 13.7a
Consider the following expression for a pressure wave,

P = 60 ⋅cos( 2 x −3t)
where it is assumed that x is in cm,t is in seconds and
P will be given in N/m2.
What is the amplitude?

a) 1.5 N/m2
b) 3 N/m2
c) 30 N/m2
d) 60 N/m2
e) 120 N/m2
Example 13.7b

P = 60 ⋅cos( 2 x −3t)
What is the wavelength?

a) 0.5 cm
b) 1 cm
c) 1.5 cm
d)  cm
e) 2 cm
Example 13.7c

P = 60 ⋅cos( 2 x −3t)
What is the frequency?

a) 1.5 Hz
b) 3 Hz
c) 3/ Hz
d) 3/(2) Hz
e) 3 Hz
Example 13.7d

P = 60 ⋅cos( 2 x −3t)
What is the speed of the wave?

a) 1.5 cm/s
b) 6 cm/s
c) 2/3 cm/s
d) 3/2 cm/s
e) 2/ cm/s
Example 13.8
Which of these waves move in the positive x direction?
1) y = −21.3⋅cos(3.4 x + 2.5t)
2) y= −21.3⋅cos(3.4 x −2.5t)
3) y= −21.3⋅cos(−3.4 x + 2.5t)
4) y= −21.3⋅cos(−3.4 x −2.5t)
5) y= 21.3⋅cos(3.4 x + 2.5t)
a) 5 and 6
6) y= 21.3⋅cos(3.4 x −2.5t) b) 1 and 4
c) 5,6,7 and 8
7) y= 21.3⋅cos(−3.4 x + 2.5t) d) 1,4,5 and 8
e) 2,3,6 and 7
8) y= 21.3⋅cos(−3.4 x −2.5t)
Speed of a Wave in a Vibrating String
T m
v= where μ =
μ L
For other kinds of waves: (e.g. sound)

• Always a square root
• Numerator related to restoring force
• Denominator is some sort of mass density
Example 13.9
A string is tied tightly between points A and B

as a communication device. If one wants to
double the wave speed, one could:
a) Double the tension

b) Quadruple the tension
c) Use a string with half the mass
d) Use a string with double the mass
e) Use a string with quadruple the mass
Superposition Principle
Traveling waves can pass

through each other without
being altered.
y(x,t) = y1 ( x, t) + y2 ( x, t)
Reflection – Fixed End
Reflected wave is inverted

Reflection – Free End
Reflected pulse not inverted

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PHYSICS 231

Simple Harmonic Motion x = Acos(ωt −φ)

, f, T determined by mass and spring constant

A 36-kg block is attached to a spring of constant k=600

a) What is the position of the block at t=0.75 seconds?

The amplitude of the motion is:

The period of the motion is:

The frequency of the motion is:

The angular frequency of the motion is:

The object will pass through the equilibrium position

Looks like Hooke’s law (k  mg/L)

Frequency independent of mass and amplitude!

(a) How tall is the tower?

Elements move parallel to wave motion.

Example - Sound waves

Elements move perpendicular to wave motion.

Examples - strings, light waves

y could refer to pressure or density

moves to right with velocity v

A wave traveling in the

A wave traveling in the

A wave traveling in the

Consider the following expression for a pressure wave,

What is the amplitude?

Consider the following expression for a pressure wave,

What is the wavelength?

Consider the following expression for a pressure wave,

What is the frequency?

Consider the following expression for a pressure wave,

What is the speed of the wave?

For other kinds of waves: (e.g. sound)

A string is tied tightly between points A and B

a) Double the tension

Traveling waves can pass

Reflected wave is inverted

Reflected pulse not inverted

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