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    Wave Equation - Lecture Note

    Uploaded by

    Fredo Yolendra
    1. The document outlines key concepts about mechanical waves including longitudinal and transverse waves, the wave equation, and waves on a stretched string. 2. It discusses the wave equation in detail and how it can describe travelling wave solutions. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate reflection and transmission of waves at an interface between two media with different properties. The relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength is also explained.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Wave Equation - Lecture Note

    Uploaded by

    Fredo Yolendra
    145 views42 pages
    1. The document outlines key concepts about mechanical waves including longitudinal and transverse waves, the wave equation, and waves on a stretched string. 2. It discusses the wave equation in detail and how it can describe travelling wave solutions. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate reflection and transmission of waves at an interface between two media with different properties. The relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength is also explained.

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    Wave Equation - Lecture Note

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    1. The document outlines key concepts about mechanical waves including longitudinal and transverse waves, the wave equation, and waves on a stretched string. 2. It discusses the wave equation in detail and how it can describe travelling wave solutions. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate reflection and transmission of waves at an interface between two media with different properties. The relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength is also explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    145 views42 pages

    Wave Equation - Lecture Note

    Uploaded by

    Fredo Yolendra
    1. The document outlines key concepts about mechanical waves including longitudinal and transverse waves, the wave equation, and waves on a stretched string. 2. It discusses the wave equation in detail and how it can describe travelling wave solutions. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate reflection and transmission of waves at an interface between two media with different properties. The relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength is also explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 42
    At a glance
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    The document discusses mechanical waves, the wave equation, longitudinal and transverse waves, and how phase relates to position and time for sinusoidal waves.

    The wave equation describes how the displacement of a wave varies with position and time. It takes the form of ∂2y/∂t2 = v2∂2y/∂x2, where v is the wave speed.

    Longitudinal waves involve oscillations parallel to the direction of propagation, like sound waves. Transverse waves involve oscillations perpendicular to the propagation direction, like waves on a string.

    A.

    LaRosa

    LectureNotes

    PH213GENERALPHYSICS
    ________________________________________________________________________

    CHAPTER16:WAVES1
    1.Thewaveequation
    OutlineofMechanicalwaves

    Longitudinalandtransversewaves
    Wavesinastring,soundwaves

    Thewaveequation

    Descriptionofwavesusingfunctionsoftwovariables
    Travellingwaves
    2y 1 2y
    Thewaveequation 2 2 2 0
    x
    v t

    Wavesinastring

    Reflectionandtransmissionofwavesataninterface

    Y=Y(x,t) A

    kx-t+

    Notice the whole expression inside the


    parenthesis is referred to as the phase

    is the spatial
    periodicity

    T is the
    temporal
    periodicity

    Example
    A sinusoidal wave of frequency 500 Hz has a speed of 350 m/s.
    a) How far apart are two points x1 and x2 that, at a given time to,
    differ in phase by /3 rad?
    b) What is the phase difference between two displacements Y1 and
    Y2 at a certain point (at a certain xo point) at times 1 .0 ms apart?
    (Notice, you are not being asked for the values of Y1 nor Y2;
    just their relative phase difference.)
    Solution

    v=f
    f = 500 Hz and v = 350 m/s implies,
    = 350/500 = 0.7 m
    Y = A Cos (k x - t +
    a) Things happen at t = t0
    Phase1 = k x1 - t0 +
    Phase2 = k x2 - t0 +
    Phase1 - Phase2 = [k x1 - t0 + ] - [ k x2 - t0 +
    = [k( x1 - x2

    /3 rad = [k( x1 - x2 implies

    x1 - x2 = (/3 )/k = (/3 ) /2 =


    = 0.7/6 = 11.7 cm
    b) Things happen at x = x0
    Phase1 = k x0 - t1 +
    Phase2 = k x0 - t2 +

    Phase1 - Phase2 = [ k x0 - t1 + ] - [k x0 - t2 +
    = [ ( t2 - t1
    = [ f ( t2 - t1

    ( t2 - t1 1 ms implies,
    Phase1 - Phase2 = [ 500 Hz ( 10-3s

    Mechanical Waves

    Example

    The Wave Equation

    Waves on a Stretched String

    Cos = 1 (1/2) 2 +
    For small : Cos ~ 1
    3
    Sin = (1/3!) +
    For small : Sin =
    3
    Tan = (1/3!)2 + For small : Tan =
    For the case of the string:
    Horizontal force Fx = T Cos - T Cos
    Vertical force
    Fy = T Sin - T Sin

    For the case of small and smallcos = 1, cos = 1


    sin = , sin =
    tan = , tan =
    Horizontal force Fx = T - T = 0
    Vertical force
    Fy = T Sin - T Sin
    But, conveniently for the steps to follow below, we
    expressed the expression above in terms of the
    tangent function

    = T tan - T tan

    The tan can be interpreted as the slope of the y vs x curve. This is


    illustrated in the figure below.

    Notice, at a given fixed time t:

    y(x,t)

    y
    = tan
    x x

    Geometrical
    interpretation

    x)

    Or,

    which is

    2y 1 2y
    2 2 0
    2
    x
    v t
    the wave equation

    It admits solutions of the form

    y(x,t) = f (x-vt) + g(x+vt)


    where f and g are arbitrary functions

    where v

    Energy content in a wave travelling along a string

    Case: y = A Sin(kx-t)
    /k = v
    (T/)1/2 = v

    Propagation of energy along a string

    Example

    At x=0
    At x=xo

    The little guy A


    shakes his hands UP
    and DOWN with a
    (temporal) frequency
    f.
    So, at x=0 the motion
    is described by
    Y = Cos (0-t)
    = Cos t

    The little guy A sees


    that a particular
    segment of the string
    located at x=xo
    (point P) goes UP
    and DOWN with
    frequency f.
    y = Cos (k xo -t)

    = 2f

    f =v

    Reflection and Transmission of Waves at a Interface

    Reflected
    Incident

    incident

    reflected

    At the left of x=0


    the total
    displacement is
    At the right of x=0
    the total
    displacement is

    Transmitted

    Left
    side

    Right
    side

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