GROUP NUMBER

4:
PLASTICS
BRIEF
HISTORY OF
PLASTICS
BY: Jesse Magalso
DEFINITION AND
CONCEPT
⊹ A plastic material is any of a wide
range of synthetic or semi-synthetic
organic solids that are moldable.
⊹ Macro molecular.
⊹ Consists large chain like molecules
containing carbon.
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PROPERTIES OF
PLASTICS
⊹ Less brittle than glass ,hence can be made transparent
and smooth. Corrosion resistance
⊹ Low electrical and thermal conductivity, insulator
⊹ Easily formed into complex shapes, can be formed,
casted and joined.
⊹ Wide choice of appearance, colors and transparencies
⊹ Light weight but posses good strength and rigidity.
⊹ Low moisture absorption.
⊹ Heat resistance.

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DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF PLASTIC
By: Jomer Encila A.K.A Titing
Matalim
 TYPES OF PLASTICS
⊹ THERMOSETTING PLASTICS -Thermosets can
melt and take shape once; after they have solidified,
they stay solid. In the thermosetting process, a chemical
reaction occurs that is irreversible.

⊹ THERMOPLASTICS - Thermoplastics are the plastics

that do not undergo chemical change in their
composition when heated and can be molded again and
again.

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THERMOSETTING RESINS
⊹ Once hardened and set, they do not soften with
application of heat.

⊹ Reason: consist of linear, relatively low molecular wt

thermoplastic polymer chains with crosslinks which
bond the chains together. when heated the entire
structure becomes a single molecule.

⊹ Objects made of this can be used at higher temperatures

without damage. More stronger and harder than
thermoplastic resins. 7
 APPLICATIONS
⊹ Telephonic receivers, electric plugs, radio and TV
cabinets, camera bodies, automotive parts, electric
baker, switch panels.
EXAMPLES:
⊹ Phenol formaldehyde resins
⊹ Urea formaldehyde resins
⊹ Melanine formaldehyde resins
⊹ Polyester resins.
⊹ Epoxy resins
⊹ Silicone resins 8
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 THERMOPLASTICS
⊹ Can be repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by
cooling.
⊹ Reason: they are composed of linear and long chain
molecules. application of heat weakens the
intermolecular bonds by increasing thermal agitation
of the molecules and hence the material softens.
⊹ Cannot use at high temperatures as they will soften
under heat.
⊹ Usually supplied as granular materials.
⊹ Comparatively software and less strong.
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 APPLICATIONS
⊹ Toys, combs, toilet goods, photographic films,
insulating tapes, hoses, electric insulation
EXAMPLES :
⊹ Polystyrene
⊹ Abs
⊹ Methacrylate
⊹ PVC
⊹ Polycarbonate
⊹ Polychoroacetal
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12
 DISADVANTAGES OF
USING PLASTICS
⊹ Low strength
⊹ Low useful temperature range (up to 600 oF)
⊹ Less dimensional stability over period of time
(creep effect)
⊹ Aging effect, hardens and become brittle over
time
⊹ Sensitive to environment, moisture and chemicals
⊹ Poor machinability

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MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS

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 MANUFACTURE OF
PLASTICS
⊹ The production of plastics can be roughly divided
into four categories:

1. Acquiring the raw material or monomer.

2. Synthesizing the basic polymer.
3. Compounding the polymer into a material that can
be used for fabrication.
4. Molding or shaping the plastic into its final form.

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Types of
materials
By: Jomer Encila A.K.A Titing
Matalim
 Raw Materials
⊹ Historically, resins derived from vegetable matter were used to
produce most plastics.
⊹ This included such materials as cellulose (from cotton), furfural (from
oat hulls), oils (from seeds) and various starch derivatives.
⊹ Today, most plastics are produced from petrochemicals which are
widely available and tend to be cheaper than other raw materials. The
six basic petrochemicals are ethylene, propylene, butylene, benzene,
toluene, and xylenes.
⊹ These six petrochemicals can be made into plastics, nylons, polyesters,
etc., that are then transformed into items like bicycle helmets,
lightweight car bumpers, space suits, medical devices and wind
turbines.
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18
 PLASTIC
MANUFACTURI
NG
PROCESS
By: Doban lang sakalam
 Synthesis of the Polymer
⊹ The first step in plastic manufacturing is
polymerization.
⊹ The two basic methods by which polymerization
can occur are addition and condensation
reactions.
⊹ This is achieved by adding reinforcements such
as glass or carbon fibers to the plastics,
increasing their strength and stability.
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Additives:
Chemical additives can be used in the production of
plastics to achieve certain characteristics. These
additives include:
1. antioxidants to protect the polymer from
degradation by ozone or oxygen
2. ultraviolet stabilizers to protect against weathering
3. plasticizers to increase the polymer’s flexibility
4. lubricants to reduce friction problems
5. pigments to give the plastic colour
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 Shaping and Finishing
1.COMPRESSION MOLDING
⊹ Pre-measured amount of polymer
introduced into the heated mold then the
top half comes down and applies pressure.
Usually uses thermosetting plastics and
produces products like dishes, container
caps, etc.

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 Advantage of Compression
Molding
⊹ Waste of material in the form of sprue, runners and
transfer-culls is avoided, and there is no problem of gate
erosion.
⊹ Internal stress is the molded article is minimized by the
shorter and multidirectional flow of the material under
pressure in the mold cavity.
⊹ A maximum number of cavities can be used in a given
mold base without regard to demands of spur and runner
system.
⊹ Compression molding is readily adaptable to automatic
removal of molded articles.

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 Advantage of Compression
Molding
⊹ This technique is useful for thin wall parts that must not
warp and must retain dimensions.
⊹ For parts weighing more than 3pounds, compression
molding is recommended because transfer or screw
injection equipment would be more expensive for larger
parts.
⊹ For high-impact, fluffy materials, compression molding
normally is recommended because of the difficulty in
feeding the molding compound from a hopper to the
press or performer.
⊹ In general compression molds usually are less expensive
to build than transfer or injection types.
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Disadvantages of Compression
Molding
⊹ In the case of very intricately designed articles
containing undercuts, side draws, and small holes, the
compression method may not be practicable, because of
the need for complicated molds and the possibility of
distorting or breaking mold pins during the flow of the
material under high pressure.
⊹ For heavy handle, compression molding would be slower
than transfer or injection because in transfer the plastic is
thoroughly heated and is pre-compressed almost to its
final density prior to entering the mold.

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COMPRESSION MOLDING

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COMPRESSION MOLDING

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Equipments used
in
manufacturing
process
By: delfinoydi???
 EXTRUSION
⊹ A device, called an extruder, forces
softened plastic through a shaped die from
which it may emerge in almost any form,
including a circular rod or tube, and a
wide, flat sheet.
⊹ The driving force is supplied by a screw
which provides constant pressure.

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EXTRUSION

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 INJECTION MOLDING
⊹ Involves one or more extruders which force melted
plastic into a cold mold where it is allowed to set to
the required shape.
⊹ An adaptation of this method is injection blow
molding which is used to make plastic pop bottles.
⊹ A thick-walled plastic tube is initially injection-
molded around a blowing stick and is then
transferred to a blowing mold.
⊹ The tube is reheated and expanded to the shape of
the mold by passing air down the blowing stick.
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⊹ ADVANTAGES: It is widely used for
moulding of thermoplastics.
⊹ This method has high speed production,
low moulding cost, very low loss of
material and low finishing cost.
⊹ DISADVANTAGES : Large number of
cavities cannot be filled simultaneously;
there is limitation of design of article to
be moulded.
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33
 Health and
safety in
industry of
plastics
By: Misteryowsow
 Health and safety in
industry of plastics
⊹ The plastics industry manufactures polymer
materials—commonly called plastics—and offers
services in plastics important to a range of
industries, including packaging, building and
construction, electronics, aerospace, and
transportation. It is part of the chemical industry.

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The main causes of incidents
within plastics manufacturing
are:
⊹ Chemicals
⊹ Manual handling
⊹ Noise
⊹ Machine safety
⊹ Slips and trips
⊹ Working at height
⊹ Knife injuries

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Chemicals
⊹ Plastics manufacturing often uses
chemicals as part of the process. These are
added to the product or created as a by-
product. For example: Fumes ( that can
lead to asthma, and respiratory irritation)
from exposure to plastic fumes.
⊹ Preventive action: Wear appropriate PPE.

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Manual handling
⊹ This includes everything from filling
hoppers with products to moving finished
goods or baled waste and lifting objects.
⊹ Preventive action: Carry out assessment
using the TILE principle (Task,
Individual, Load, Environment) to
identify how to reduce any risks.

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Noise
⊹ Some machines such as granulators and
shredders can cause high noise levels.
Even short exposure to high noise levels
can cause temporary hearing loss, while
longer exposure can cause permanent
damage.
⊹ Preventive action: Wear Ear protection

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 Things to consider:
⊹ If noise is an issue, you’ll need a plan to tackle it. The best way is to
reduce noise at its source
⊹ If noise levels exceed recommended exposure, you’ll need to provide
hearing protection equipment to operators, as well as information and
training in how to use it. Hearing protection should reduce noise levels to
under 85 decibels
⊹ Offer a choice of hearing protection equipment to ensure it fits
comfortably and operators can still communicate
⊹ You must provide Health Surveillance (hearing checks) for employees
exposed to daily or weekly noise levels of 85 Decibels or peak sound
pressure of 135 Decibels, or those already suffering from hearing loss

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 Slips and trips
⊹ Slips and trips are the most common cause of injury
at work. In fact, they account for 40% of all reported
major injuries, and can lead to other types of serious
accidents.
For example: falls from height. Many slips occur due to
floors contaminated by water, fluids, waste plastic film,
or spilled granules. Most slips and trips are avoidable
with good housekeeping.

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Slips and trips
⊹ Preventive action: Prevent contamination manage
spillages and cleaning regimes.
⊹ Ensure suitable footwear.
⊹ Install effective matting systems.
⊹ Maintain plant and the work environment.
⊹ Ensure good housekeeping.
⊹ Implement effective training and supervision.
⊹ Ensure appropriate flooring.
⊹ Design safe workplaces and work processes.
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 Working at height
⊹ Falls from ladders, stepladders, or even a fall from a lower
step, can lead to serious injury. Common areas of concern for
work at height issues in plastic manufacturing companies
include:
• Mezzanine floors – failing to provide hand rails and toe boards.
• Machine access – where regular access is required to access
different parts of machinery, for example machine hoppers and
tool changing areas at the top of injection moulding machines.

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 The law requires employers to make sure:
⊹ All work at height is properly planned and organized.
⊹ Those involved in work at height are competent.
⊹ Risks are assessed and appropriate work equipment
used.
⊹ Risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled.
⊹ Equipment for work at height is properly inspected and
maintained.

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 The end of
presentation
 WANNA ASK
YOU GUYS IF
NAA BA MOY
PANGUTANA?
“
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