Gabriel Taborin College of

Davao Foundation, Inc.

MEMBERS:
Jeverly Padasas
Samantha Diosanta
Angelo Paglinawan
Christialyn Oson
Henry Jama-ani
Johnmark Cuares
Ezrah Salud
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Introduction:
 Theskeletal system is a network of a
network of many different part that work
together to help you move. The main part of
your skeletal system consists of your bones,
had structure that create your body’s
framework the skeleton. There are 206
bones in adult human body.
 CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Learning Objective:
 At the end of this chapter, the student
should be able to:
 -Define the skeletal system
 -Describe the skeletal system
 -Know the 5 major function of the skeletal
system
 -Explain the 7 main function of the skeletal
 WHAT IS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM?

The skeletal system is a network of

many different part that work
together to help you move. The main
part of your skeletal system consists of
your bones, hard structure that create
your body’s framework the skeleton.
There are 206 bones in an adult human
bones.
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 1.SUPPORT: it forms the internal framework
that supports and anchors all soft organs.
 2. PROTECTION: bones protect soft body organs.
 3.MOVEMENTS: skeletal muscles attached to
the skeletal system use the bone to levers move
the body and its part.
 4. STORAGE: fat is stored in the internal cavities
of bones.
 5.BLOOD CELL FORMATION: it occurs within the
marrow cavities of certain bones.
BONE:
 Bones is specialized connective tissues that has the strength
of cast iron and lightness of pinewood. Living bones is not
dry. Productive tissues that is continually resorbed,
reformed and remodeled.

TYEPS OF BONES:
 SHORT BONE: are about equal in length, width and thickness
which are shaped with regular orientation.
 FLAT BONE: are thin or curved more often they are flat. This
includes ribs, scapulae, sternum and bone of cranium.
 IRREGULAR BONE: they do not fit neatly into any other
category. Examples are the verbal, facial and hipbone.
 LONG BONE: are called long as it length is greater that its
width. Long bones are in the arm and leg.
 Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded within
certain tendons, the fibrous cord that connects
muscle to bones. Typical sesamoid bones are
patella and pisiform carpal bone, which are in the
tendon of quadriceps femuris and flexor carp
ulnaris muscle respectively.

GROSS ANATOMY OF A TYPICAL LONG BONE:

You can take Tibia (in the leg) one of the longest
bones in the body
IN ADULTS WE HAVE:
 DAIPHIS: the tubular shaft, hallow cylindrical with walls of compact
bone tissue. The center of the cylinder is the medullary cavity, which is
filled with marrow.
 EPIPHYSIS: is roughly spherical end of the bone. It is wider than the
shaft.
 METAPHYSIS: is the part separating diaphysis from epiphysis. It is made
up of epiphyseal plate and adjacent bony trabeculae of cancellous
bone tissue.

BONE TISSUE:
 Bone tissue is composed of cells embedded in a matrix of ground
substances and fibers. It is more rigid than other tissue because it
contains inorganic salts mainly calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate. A
network of collagenous fibers in the matrix gives bone tissue its strength and
flexibility. Most bones have an outer sheet of compact bone tissue enclosing an
interior spongy tissue.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Bone Cells:
 Bone certain five types of cells
 a.) Osteogenic cells: these are small spindle shape cell.
They found mostly in the deepest layer of periosteum and
endosteum.
 b.) Osteoblasts are found in the growing portion of bone
including periosteum.
 c.) Osteocytes are the main cell of fully developed bones.
They have a cell body that occupies a lacuna.
 d.) Osteoclasts are multinuclear giant cell, which are
found where bone is resorbed during its normal growth
 e.) Bone – lining cells are found on the surface of most
bones in the adult skeleton. They are believed to be
derived from osteoblast that ceases their physiological
activity
Developmental Anatomy and Growth of Bones:

 Bones develop through a process known as

Ossification. Bone in embryo develops in two
ways: Intra-membranous ossification, If bone
develops directly from mesenchymal tissue.

Function of bone:
 Supportive and protection of internal organs.
 The store house and main supply of reserve
calcium and phosphate.
 The manufacture of red and white blood cells.
The Skeleton
General futures and surface makings
 Looking to the bone reveals he surface is not smooth but scarred
with bumps, holes and ridges. These are surface markings where
muscles, tendons and ligaments attached, blood & lymph vessels
and nerves pass.

 Process to which tendons, ligaments and other Connective

tissue attach:
 Tubercle: it is a knob like process
 Tuberosity: it is large, round roughened process.
 Trochanter: it is a large, blunt projection found only on femur
Crest is a prominent ridge.
 Line: it is a less prominent ridge than a crest.
 Spinous process is a sharp, slender process
 Epicondyle is a prominence above condyle.
Division of the Skeletal System:
 TheAdult human skeletons have 206 named
bones that are grouped in to two principal
parts. These are the axial and appendicular
skeleton. The Axial skeleton consist bones
that lie around the axis. And the
Appendicular skeleton consist bones of the
body out of the axial group. These are
appendages. Upper & lower extremities and
bones of girdles are grouped under
appendicular skeleton.
The Skull:

Itcontains 22 bones. The skull

rests on the superior of vertebral
column. It is composed of cranial
and facial bones.
Description and function of Cranial
Bones:
 Ethmoid (1) Base of cranium, anterior to body of
sphenoid. Made up of horizontal, cribriform plate, median
perpendicular plate paired masses. Forms roof of nasal
cavity and septum, opart of cranium floor, site of
attachment for membranes covering brain.
 Frontal (1) Anterior and superior parts of cranium,
forehead, brow areas, shaped like large scoop; frontal
squama forms forehead; Protect front of brain; contains
passageway for nervus, blood vessels.
 Occipital (1) Posterior part of cranium, including base.
Protects posterior part of brain; forms foramina for spinal
cord and nerves; site of attachment for muscles,
 Parietal
(2) Superior sides and roof of
cranium, between frontal and occipital
bones. Protect top, sides of brain,
passageway for blood vessels.
 Sphenoid (1) Base of cranium, anterior to
occipital and temporal bones. Wedge-
shaped; made up of body, greater and
lesser lateral wings, pterygoid processes.
 Temporal(2) Sides and base of cranium at
temples. Temporal (2) Sides and base of
cranium at temples.
Sutures
 Meaning to stitch, are immovable joint found between skull bones. There are
four main sutures in the skull.
 1. Coronal suture: between the frontal & the two-parital bone.
 2. Sagital suture: between the two parietal bones.
 3. Lambdoidal suture: between parietal & occiputal bone.
 4.Squamosal suture: between parietal bone and temporal bone.
Fontanels
 The skeleton of a newly formed embryo consist cartilage or fibrous membrane
structures. They are found between cranial bones.
Function
 They enable skull of the fetus to compress as it pass through the birth canal
 Permit rapid growth of brain during infancy
 Serves as a landmark (anterior fontanel) for withdrawal of blood from the
superior sagital sinus
 Aid in determination of fetal position prior to birth.
Description and function of Facial bones
 Inferior nasal Lateral walls of nasal cavities, below superior and
middle.
 Conchii (2) conchae of Ethmoid bone. Thin, cancellous, shaped like
curved leaves.
 Lacrimal (2) Medial wall of orbit, behind frontal process of maxilla.
Small, thin, rectangular; contains depression for lacrimal sacs,
nasolacrimal tear duct.
 Mandible (1) Lower jaw, extending from chin to mandibular fossa of
temporal bone. forms lower jaw, part of temporomandibular joint;
site of attachment for muscles.
 Maxillae (2) Upper jaw and anterior part of hard palate. Made up of
zygomatic, frontal, palatine, alveolar processes; Form upper jaw,
front of hard palate, part of eye sockets.
 Nasal(2) Upper bridge of nose between frontal
processes of maxillae.Form support for bridge of
upper nose.
 Palatine (2) Posterior part of hard palate, floor of
nasal cavity and orbit; posterior to maxillae. L-
shaped, with horizontal and vertical plates; contain
greater and lesser palatine foramina.
 Vomer (1) Posterior and inferior part of nasal
septum. Thin, shaped like plowshare
 Zygomatic (2) Cheekbones below and lateral to
orbit.
 Hyoid(1) Below root of tongue, above larynx.
 Ossiclesof ear (6) Inside cavity of petrous portion
of temporal bone.
Lateral separated view of facial skull,
ear ossicles and hyoid bone
Orbits:
 A pyramid shaped space that contains the eyeball and associate
structures. It formed by bones of the skull.

Orbit has four walls and apex:

 The roof of the orbit consists of parts of the frontal and sphenoid
bone.
 The lateral wall is formed by portions of zygomatic and sphenoid
bone.
 The floor or the orbit is formed by parts pf maxilla zygomatic and
palatine bone.
 The medical wall is formed by portion of the maxilla, lacrimal,
ethimoid and sphenoid bone.
 Skull anterior views and the
orbital cavity
The vertebral column
 The vertebral column together with the sternum & ribs constitutes the skeleton of the
trunk of the body.
Inter vertebral discs
 Between adjacent vertebrae from 1st to sacrum there are inter vertebral discs. They are
fibro-cartilaginous.
 Intervertibral disc, compressed
and ruptured disc
Normal curves
 The vertebral column when viewed from side is not a straight line rather have bandings.

There are 4 normal curves formed by vertebras, two are concave and the
other two are convex.

 these are absorption of shock

 maintenance of balance,
 protection of Human Anatomy and Physiology 82 column from fracture
 and increasing the strength of the column
 The vertebral column and vertebral
curves
 Typical vertebra Although there are variations in size and shape,
the vertebras of the different region have basically similar
structure.
Description and function of bones of the
vertebral column
 Cervical vertebrae (7) First (atlas), second (axis), and seventh vertebrae are
C1-C7 modified; third through sixth are typical; all contain transverse formina.
 Thoracic vertebrae (12) Bodies and transverse processes have facets
that articulate T1-T12 with ribs; allow some movement of spine in
thoracic area.
 Lumbar vertebrae(5) Largest, strongest vertebrae; adapted for
attachment of back L1-L5 muscles. Allow forward and backward
bending of spine.
 Sacrum Wedge-shaped, made up of five fused bodies united by four (5
fused bones) intervertebral disks. give strength and stability to pelvis.
 Coccyx Triangular tailbone, united with sacrum by intervertebral.
The Thorax
 Refers to the chest. Thorax is a bony cage formed by sternum
(breast bone), costal cartilage, ribs and bodies of the thoracic
vertebra.
Skeleton of the thorax
 Sternum (breast bone) Sternum is flat, narrow bone measuring
about 15 c.m. (6 inch) located in the median line of anterior
thoracic wall. It consists 3 basic portions: the manubrium
(superior portion), the body (middle & largest portion) and the
xiphoid process (inferior & smallest portion).
 The manubrium on its superior portion has a depression called
jugular (supra sternal) notch. The body of the sternum articulates
directly or indirectly with 2nd to 10th rib.
 The xiphoid process consists hyaline cartilage during infancy and
child hood and do not ossify completely up to the age of 40.x
The Ribs and the Sternum
Ribs
 Human being contains 12 Pair of ribs that make up the side of
thoracic cavity Each ribs posteriorly articulates with the body of its
corresponding thoracic vertebra.
 Anteriorly the 1st seven ribs have direct attachment to sternum by
costal cartilage hence they are called true (vertebro – sternal) ribs.
 The remaining 5 ribs are called false ribs.
 The Head is a projection at posterior end of the rib. It consist one or
two facet that articulate with facet of the vertebra.
 The neck is constricted portion just lateral to the head. One or two
knob like structures on the posterior end where the neck joins the
body is the tubercles, which articulate with the
The Appendicular skeleton

 Theupper extremities consists of 64 bones.

Connected and supported by the axial
skeleton with only shoulder joint and many
muscle from a complex of suspension bands
from the vertebral column, ribs and
sternum to the shoulder girdle.
The upper extremity
Description and function of bones of the
upper extremity
 Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle CLAVICLE (2) Collarbone; double-curved, long bone
with rounded medial end and flattened lateral end; held in place by ligaments.
 Scapula (2) Shoulder blade; flat, triangular bone with horizontal spine separating
fossae.
 Arm Humerus (2) Longest, largest bone of upper limb; forms ball of balland socket
joint with glenoid fossa of scapula.
 Forearm Radius (2) Larger of two bones in forearm; large proximal end consists of
olecranon process (prominence of elbow). Forms hinge joint at elbow.
 Wrist Carpals (16) Small short bones; in each wrist, 8 carpals in 2 transverse rows of
4. With attached ligaments, allow slight gliding movement
 Hands and Fingers Metacarpals (10) Five miniature long bones in each hand
in fanlike arrangement.
 Phalanges (28) Miniature long bones, 2 in each thumb, 3 in each finger; articulate with
each other at interphalangeal joint
Humerus, radius and ulna
Bones of the hand
The lower Extremity
 The lower extremity It consist 62 bones. The lower extremity is connected to the axial
skeleton with the hip girdle.
 Description and function of bones of the lower
extremity
Pelvic Girdle
 Hipbone Irregular bone formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis; with (Coxal) (2) sacrum and
coccyx forms pelvis; forms socket of ball-and- socket joint with femur.
Thigh
 Femur (2) Thighbone; typical long bone; longest, strongest, heaviest bone; Supports
body.
 Patella (2) Kneecap; sesamoid bone within quadriceps femuris tendon. keeping tendon
Away from axis of rotation.
Leg
 Fibula (2) Smaller long bone of lower leg; articulates proximally with tibia and distally
with talus
Ankle
 Tarsals (14) Ankle, heel bones; short bones; 7 in each ankle including talus, calcaneus,
cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms; with metatarsals, form arches of foot. Bear body
weight.
Foot and Toes Metatarsals
 (10) Miniature long bones; 5 in each foot; form sole; Improve stability while standing;