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    CGA 07dec2016 Ballatore

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    Kumar Anupam
    This document discusses using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map vegetation in Kenya and Southeast Asia. SAR uses microwave radiation to see through clouds and acquire data regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The document presents examples of SAR data from Sentinel-1 being used to map seasonal changes in vegetation in the Tana River basin in Kenya. It also compares SAR data to optical data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2, showing SAR's ability to acquire usable imagery when the others are obscured by clouds. SAR provides a valuable tool for frequent monitoring of vegetation in cloud-prone regions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CGA 07dec2016 Ballatore

    Uploaded by

    Kumar Anupam
    24 views59 pages
    This document discusses using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map vegetation in Kenya and Southeast Asia. SAR uses microwave radiation to see through clouds and acquire data regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The document presents examples of SAR data from Sentinel-1 being used to map seasonal changes in vegetation in the Tana River basin in Kenya. It also compares SAR data to optical data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2, showing SAR's ability to acquire usable imagery when the others are obscured by clouds. SAR provides a valuable tool for frequent monitoring of vegetation in cloud-prone regions.

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    CGA 07Dec2016 Ballatore (1)

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    This document discusses using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map vegetation in Kenya and Southeast Asia. SAR uses microwave radiation to see through clouds and acquire data regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The document presents examples of SAR data from Sentinel-1 being used to map seasonal changes in vegetation in the Tana River basin in Kenya. It also compares SAR data to optical data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2, showing SAR's ability to acquire usable imagery when the others are obscured by clouds. SAR provides a valuable tool for frequent monitoring of vegetation in cloud-prone regions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views59 pages

    CGA 07dec2016 Ballatore

    Uploaded by

    Kumar Anupam
    This document discusses using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map vegetation in Kenya and Southeast Asia. SAR uses microwave radiation to see through clouds and acquire data regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The document presents examples of SAR data from Sentinel-1 being used to map seasonal changes in vegetation in the Tana River basin in Kenya. It also compares SAR data to optical data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2, showing SAR's ability to acquire usable imagery when the others are obscured by clouds. SAR provides a valuable tool for frequent monitoring of vegetation in cloud-prone regions.

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    Mapping Vegetation with Synthetic Aperture Radar:

    Applications in Kenya and Southeast Asia

    Thomas Ballatore, Ph.D., GISP ABCD-GIS Seminar Series


    Director, Lake Basin Action Network 07 December 2016
    Faculty Aide, Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University K450 CGIS Knafel
    Remote sensing is…

    the practice of deriving information about the Earth’s


    land and water surfaces using images acquired from
    an overhead perspective, by employing
    electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of
    the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted
    from the Earth’s surface.

    Campbell and Wynne


    Introduction to Remote Sensing
    p.6, 5th ed. (2011)
    Remote sensing is…

    the practice of deriving information about the Earth’s


    land and water surfaces using images acquired from
    an overhead perspective, by employing
    electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of
    the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted
    from the Earth’s surface.

    Campbell and Wynne


    Introduction to Remote Sensing
    p.6, 5th ed. (2011)
    The Electromagnetic Spectrum

    CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2521356


    Sensing in the Visible and NIR

    http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Landsat.v.Sentinel-2.png
    SPECTRAL

    Landsat OLI
    Soil Dry Green
    The Problem with Clouds…
    Remote sensing is…

    the practice of deriving information about the Earth’s


    land and water surfaces using images acquired from
    an overhead perspective, by employing
    electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of
    the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted
    from the Earth’s surface.

    Campbell and Wynne


    Introduction to Remote Sensing
    p.6, 5th ed. (2011)
    Remote sensing is…

    the practice of deriving information about the Earth’s


    land and water surfaces using images acquired from
    an overhead perspective, by employing
    electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of
    the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted
    from the Earth’s surface.

    Campbell and Wynne


    Introduction to Remote Sensing
    p.6, 5th ed. (2011)
    The Electromagnetic Spectrum

    CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2521356


    Types of Sensors
    Visible & Reflected IR Thermal IR Microwave
    Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Remote Sensing

    Radiation
    Source >> Sun Object Object Sensor

    Object >> Reflecting Radiating Radiating


    Reflecting
    Type >>
    Passive Passive Passive
    Active

    Spectral
    Radiance >>

    © Asian Institute of Technology, 2014, All Rights Reserved


    Microwave Radiation

    10GHz 1GHz
    Frequency & wavelengths for
    microwave bands
    0.2μm 1.0μm 10μm 1mm 10mm 10cm 1m
    Wavelength Frequency
    Microwave Bands Band
    Visible Middle Thermal
    infra-red infra-red
    range[mm] range[GHz]
    UV KaKuX C S L P Ka 7.5 - 11.0 40.0 - 26.5
    Near infra-red
    K 11.0 - 16.7 26.5 - 18.0
    The electromagnetic spectrum (after NASA/JPL, 1988) Ku 16.7 - 24.0 18.0 - 12.5
    X 24.0 - 37.5 12.5 - 8.0
    Transmittance (%)

    100
    C 37.5 - 75.0 8.0 - 4.0
    S 75.0 - 150 4.0 - 2.0
    50
    L 150 - 300 2.0 - 1.0
    P 300 - 1000 1.0 - 0.3
    0 1.0μm 10μm 1mm 10nm 10cm 1
    0.2 μm
    m
    Wavelength
    X, C, S, L bands are used for
    Characteristic of atmospheric spectral transmittance (after NASA/JPL, 1988) SAR on-board satellites

    © Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan, 2014, All Rights Reserved


    Surface scatter (Reflection) mechanism

    forest grass lake

    ©METI/JAXA

    © Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan, 2014, All Rights Reserved


    Backscatter change in a paddy field

    Open water Planting Vegetated

    weak strong
    HH backscattering
    Seasonal change
    Seasonal changes in microwave backscatter provide useful information to
    detect paddy field area.

    SAR Backscatter
    Low High
    Sentinel 1A
    11 Aug 2015
    Sentinel 1A
    22 Oct 2015
    Asian Development Bank (ADB) MOOC
    Tana River Basin, Kenya
    Example case of area around Bura Irrigation Project
    Sentinel 2A
    22 Jan 2016
    The problem with clouds…
    Landsat 8 OLI
    10 Jan 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    26 Jan 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    11 Feb 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    27 Feb 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    14 Mar 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    30 Mar 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    15 Apr 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    01 May 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    17 May 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    02 Jun 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    18 Jun 2016
    Landsat 8 OLI
    04 Jul 2016
    Only 1 out of 11 Landsat 8 OLI images are usable for
    the current year!

    For Sentinel 2A, there are only 2 usable images…


    The solution is to use active microwave sensors (SAR)
    that can see through clouds!
    Sentinel 1A
    17 Jan 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    05 Mar 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    29 Mar 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    22 Apr 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    16 May 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    09 Jun 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    03 Jul 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    20 Aug 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    13 Sep 2016
    Spatial Resolution: Landsat 8 OLI vs. Sentinel 2A vs. Sentinel 1A
    Landsat 8 OLI
    04 Jul 2016
    Sentinel 2A
    30 Jun 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    03 Jul 2016
    A close-up of the river vegetation
    Landsat 8 OLI
    04 Jul 2016
    Sentinel 2A
    30 Jun 2016
    Sentinel 1A
    03 Jul 2016
    Acquiring SAR data

    https://vertex.daac.asf.alaska.edu/
    Processing SAR data

    http://step.esa.int/main/download/
    For questions and/or comments, please write:

    [email protected]

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