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    2022.08.31 Chemical Components of Cells PT 2 (Ch2)

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    Allison Kwan
    Here are the key points about free energy and catalysis: - Free energy (G) is the portion of a system's energy that can do work under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, like in a living cell. - The change in free energy (ΔG) for a reaction is the difference between the final and initial states. Reactions only proceed spontaneously if ΔG is negative. - Exergonic reactions release free energy spontaneously as they proceed, with a negative ΔG. These include the breakdown of complex molecules like glucose. - Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier, without being used up in the process. They allow reactions to proceed faster and reach equilibrium at a lower

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    2022.08.31 Chemical Components of Cells PT 2 (Ch2)

    Uploaded by

    Allison Kwan
    15 views34 pages
    Here are the key points about free energy and catalysis: - Free energy (G) is the portion of a system's energy that can do work under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, like in a living cell. - The change in free energy (ΔG) for a reaction is the difference between the final and initial states. Reactions only proceed spontaneously if ΔG is negative. - Exergonic reactions release free energy spontaneously as they proceed, with a negative ΔG. These include the breakdown of complex molecules like glucose. - Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier, without being used up in the process. They allow reactions to proceed faster and reach equilibrium at a lower

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    2022.08.31 Chemical Components of Cells Pt 2 (Ch2)

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    Here are the key points about free energy and catalysis: - Free energy (G) is the portion of a system's energy that can do work under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, like in a living cell. - The change in free energy (ΔG) for a reaction is the difference between the final and initial states. Reactions only proceed spontaneously if ΔG is negative. - Exergonic reactions release free energy spontaneously as they proceed, with a negative ΔG. These include the breakdown of complex molecules like glucose. - Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier, without being used up in the process. They allow reactions to proceed faster and reach equilibrium at a lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views34 pages

    2022.08.31 Chemical Components of Cells PT 2 (Ch2)

    Uploaded by

    Allison Kwan
    Here are the key points about free energy and catalysis: - Free energy (G) is the portion of a system's energy that can do work under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, like in a living cell. - The change in free energy (ΔG) for a reaction is the difference between the final and initial states. Reactions only proceed spontaneously if ΔG is negative. - Exergonic reactions release free energy spontaneously as they proceed, with a negative ΔG. These include the breakdown of complex molecules like glucose. - Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier, without being used up in the process. They allow reactions to proceed faster and reach equilibrium at a lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    Cell Physiology

    2. Chemical Components of Cells

    Welcome! As you enter:


    1. Say hi to your classmates!
    Chapter 2. Chemical Components of Cells

    Chapter Contents

    1. CHEMICAL BONDS
    2. SMALL MOLECULES IN CELLS
    3. MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS
    2.2 SMALL MOLECULES IN CELLS

    Cells are composed mostly of water; the remaining portion is


    largely made up of macromolecules.
    2.2 SMALL MOLECULES IN CELLS

    Ch 4
    Ch 5

    (Monomer) (Polymer)
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS

    Macromolecules (polymers) are


    constructed using condensation
    reactions (requires energy input), and
    broken using hydrolysis (can happen
    spontaneously).

    (aka dehydration reaction)


    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS – Sugars
    Energy: To stay alive and reproduce, organisms have to acquire energy.
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS – Sugars
    Energy: To stay alive and reproduce, organisms have to acquire energy.
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS – Sugars

    Glucose
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS – Sugars

    Glucose
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS – Sugars
    A. Have the chemical formula (CH2O)n , with n ≥ 3
    B. Oxygen (in –OH groups) makes carbohydrates polar
    (hydrophilic) & chemically reactive.
    C. Have one O in a carbonyl group
    D. Occur in 3 sizes

    •Monosaccharides – linear or ring form

    •Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides joined by


    a glycosidic bond

    •Polysaccharides – many (100s to 1,000s)


    joined monosaccharides
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS – Function of Polysaccharides
    A. Energy storage inside cells: polymers of glucose
    1. In plants: starch
    -1,6-link (branch point)
    every 30 glucose
    6 6 residues (monomers)

    2. In animals: glycogen
    -1,6-link every 10
    residues (thus, more
    branched than starch)

    3. Why not just store glucose?


    •Too chemically reactive, & would
    cause osmotic lysis of cell
    B. Structural support – 3 main types
    1. Plants: cellulose •β-1,4-linked glucose, H
    bonds link chains
    •Indigestible (animals)
    •In cell wall, protects
    Cell wall
    cell & prevents osmotic
    lysis
    2. Fungi & arthropods: chitin
    β –N acetyl glucose amine
    •β-1,4-linked N acetyl
    glucose amine;
    H bonds link chains
    Cell wall
    Exoskeleton •Fungi: in cell wall
    •Arthropods: in exo-
    skeleton
    N acetyl muramic
    acid
    3. Bacteria: peptidoglycan
    β –N acetyl
    glucose amine

    Cell wall •Repeating


    disaccharide, peptide
    bond cross-links
    •In cell wall
    •Penicillin blocks
    gatech.edu crosslinking→lysis
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS - Lipids

    Question: Lipids
    don’t have a set
    monomer, what
    characteristic
    qualifies something
    as a lipid?
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS - Lipids
    Lipids: organic (C-containing) molecules that contain C, H, O, but
    much less O than carbohydrates, so they are nonpolar
    A. Therefore, are hydrophobic
    •Soluble in organic solvents (benzene, ether, etc.)
    B. 3 main types:

    1. Fats – 3 fatty acids attached to


    glycerol (triglycerides)

    2. Steroids – 4 joined rings (no fatty acids)

    3. Phospholipids – phosphate (PO4)-


    containing group + 2 fatty acids
    attached to glycerol
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS - Lipids

    • Phospholipids are amphipathic: they contain both hydrophilic


    and hydrophobic regions.
    • This allows them to form bilayers (and micelles) in water.
    2.3 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS - Summary

    Each ribosome is composed of about 90 macromolecules (proteins and


    RNA molecules), and it is large enough to see with a microscope.
    Review: Chapter 2. Chemical Components of Cells

    • What are the major elements found in cells? How and why are they joined
    together as molecules?
    • What is the difference between a covalent and ionic bond? A polar and a
    nonpolar bond?
    • What are the major macromolecules in the cell? What are they made of? Can
    you identify these structures?
    • How is it possible that weak, non-covalent interactions can lead to
    determining the structure of a macromolecule?
    Review – Chemical bonds and groups
    Review – The chemical properties of water
    Review – Weak noncovalent bonds
    Cell Physiology
    3. Energy, Catalysts, and Biosynthesis

    Welcome! As you enter:


    1. Say hi to your classmates!
    Chapter 3. Energy, Catalysts, and Biosynthesis

    Chapter Contents

    1. THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS


    2. FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS
    3. ACTIVATED CARRIERS AND BIOSYNTHESIS
    3.1 THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS

    Cells and biological


    structures are highly
    ordered.

    How is this order


    achieved and
    maintained?
    3.1 THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS

    Question 1

    • Second law of thermodynamics: in the universe as a whole, or in any


    isolated system, the degree of entropy (disorder) can only increase.
    • For increased order, we need the input of energy.
    3.1 THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS
    3.1 THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS

    • Biological order is possible due to heat released by cells


    • Heat is energy in its most disordered form (jostling of random molecules)
    • Heat increases the intensity of the thermal motions of nearby
    molecules, increasing entropy
    3.1 THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS

    • First law of thermodynamics:


    energy cannot be created or
    destroyed, but can be converted
    from one form to another.

    • Potential energy can be stored in


    the form of chemical bonds and
    this will power a lot of the work
    in the cell (e.g. decreasing
    entropy)
    3.1 THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS

    • Catabolic pathways break down larger molecules


    • Energy is used in anabolic pathways to create molecules
    • Together, anabolic and catabolic pathways make up cellular
    metabolism
    Question 2
    3.2 FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS

    A.Free energy (G): the portion of a system’s energy that can do work when
    temperature and pressure are uniform throughout, as in a living cell
    B.The change in free energy (ΔG) during a chemical reaction is the difference
    between the free energy of the final state and the free energy of the initial state,
    where only reactions with a negative ΔG are spontaneous.
    3.2 FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS
    e.g of spontaneous changes:
    3.2 FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS

    C. Exergonic reactions
    proceeds with a net release of free
    energy and is spontaneous; ΔG is
    negative.
    e.g. the breakdown of a complex
    molecule into simpler molecules.
    3.2 FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS

    D. Endergonic reactions:
    absorbs free energy from its
    surroundings and is nonspontaneous;
    ΔG is positive.
    The magnitude of ΔG is the quantity of
    energy required to drive the reaction.
    3.2 FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS

    Question 3:
    Are the following cellular processes (a) exergonic
    or (b) endergonic?

    1. The breakdown of glucose into 6 carbon dioxide


    molecules and 6 water molecules (cellular
    respiration). exergonic

    2. The creation of a protein from polypeptide


    components. endergonic

    3. The transport of ions against the direction of


    spontaneous movement (against their
    concentration gradient). endergonic
    3.2 FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS

    D. Endergonic reactions: absorbs free energy from its surroundings


    and is nonspontaneous. This is a lot of what the cell has to do!
    Here are the 3 main types of work that a cell needs to do:

    1. Chemical work: e.g. synthesis of polymers from monomers.

    2. Transport: e.g. the pumping of substances against their


    concentration gradients

    3. Mechanical work: e.g. the beating of flagella, the contraction


    of muscle cells, the movement of chromosomes during
    cellular reproduction.

    How does the cell perform all of these types of work? What is the
    source of free energy?

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