Overview and Proofs of Derivatives
Overview and Proofs of Derivatives
Overview and Proofs of Derivatives
FUNCTION
f a h f a
lim is called the derivative of f at a.
h 0 h
f a h f a
We write: f x lim
h 0 h
“The derivative of f with respect to x is …”
dy
does not mean dy dx !
dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
df
does not mean df dx !
dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
d d
f x does not mean times f x !
dx dx
(except when it is convenient to treat it that way.)
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
The derivative is
the slope of the y f x
original function.
y lim
x h
2
3 x2 3
h 0 h
y lim 2 x h
h 0
y 2 x
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
f x x 2
f x x 3
corner cusp
1, x 0
f x 3
x f x
1, x 0
vertical tangent discontinuity
DIFFERENTIABILITY
d example: y 3
c 0
dx y 0
examples:
d n
dx
x nx n 1
f x x 4 y x8
f x 4x 3 y 8 x 7
power rule
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
Proof:
d n
dx
x nx n 1
d n ( x h) n x n
x lim
dx h0 h
d n x n nx n1h ... h n x n
x lim
dx h0 h
d n nx n1h ... h n
x lim
dx h 0 h
d n
x lim nx n1
dx h0
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
d du dv d du dv
u v u v
dx dx dx dx dx dx
4 2
4
y x 12 x y x 2 x 2
(Each term
dyis treated separately)
3
y 4 x 12
3
4x 4x
dx
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
Find the horizontal tangents of:
4 2 dy
y x 2x 2 4 x3 4 x
dx
Horizontal tangents occur when slope = zero.
4 x3 4 x 0 Substituting the x values into the
x3 x 0 original equation, we get:
y 2, y 1, y 1
x x 1 0
2
y x4 2x2 2
y2
y 1
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
y x4 2 x2 2
dy
4 x3 4 x
dx
First derivative
(slope) is zero at:
x 0, 1, 1
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
product rule:
d dv du
uv u v Notice that this is not just the
dx dx dx
product of two derivatives.
This is sometimes memorized as: d uv u dv v du
d 2
dx
x 3
2 x3 5 x
x 2 3 6 x 2 5 2 x 3 5 x 2x
d
dx
2 x 5 5 x 3 6 x 3 15 x
d
dx
2 x 5 11x 3 15 x 6 x 4 5 x 2 18 x 2 15 4 x 4 10 x 2
10 x 4 33 x 2 15 10 x 4 33 x 2 15
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
product rule:
d u ( x h)v ( x h ) u ( x )v ( x )
d
uv u
dv
v
du (uv) lim
dx dx dx dx h 0 h
du dv
v u u v du u dv
d u dx dx or d
2
dx v v 2 v
v
3
d 2x 5x
x 2 3 6 x 2 5 2 x3 5 x 2 x
2
dx x 3
x 3
2
2
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
Higher Order Derivatives:
dy
y is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
dx
dy d dy d 2 y is the second derivative.
y
dx dx dx dx 2 (y double prime)
dy
y is the third derivative.
dx We will learn
4 d later what these
y y is the fourth derivative. higher order
dx
derivatives are
used for.
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
Suppose u and v are functions that are differentiable at
x = 3, and that u(3) = 5, u’(3) = -7, v(3) = 1, and v’(3)= 4.
Find the following at x = 3 :
d d
1. (uv) (uv) uv' vu ' 5(3) (1)(7) 8
dx dx
d u d u vu 'uv' (1)(7) (5)(4)
2. 2
27
dx v dx v v2 1
d v d v uv'vu ' (5)(4) (1)(7) 27
3.
dx u dx u u2 52 25
RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION
d ho
dx hi
ft
g 32
1 2 1 sec 2
s g t s 32 t 2
2 2
m
g 9.8
ds sec 2
s 16 t 2 V 32 t
dt
cm
Speed is the absolute value of velocity. g 980
sec 2
VELOCITY AND OTHER
RATES OF CHANGE
Acceleration is the derivative of velocity.
dv d 2s v 32t
a 2 example:
dt dt a 32
If distance is in: feet
feet
Velocity would be in:
sec
ft
ft
Acceleration would be in:
sec
sec sec 2
VELOCITY AND OTHER
RATES OF CHANGE
acc neg acc neg
vel pos & vel neg &
decreasing decreasing acc zero
vel neg &
acc zero constant
vel pos &
constant acc pos
distance
vel neg &
increasing
velocity
acc pos
zero
vel pos &
increasing
acc zero,
velocity zero
time
VELOCITY AND OTHER
RATES OF CHANGE
Rates of Change:
f x h f x
Average rate of change =
h
f x h f x
Instantaneous rate of change = f x lim
h 0 h
For a circle: A r2
dA d
r2
dr dr
dA
2 r
dr
Instantaneous rate of change of the area with
dA 2 r dr
respect to the radius.
For tree ring growth, if the change in area is constant then dr
must get smaller as r gets larger.
VELOCITY AND OTHER
RATES OF CHANGE
from Economics:
Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and
represents an approximation of the cost of producing one
more unit.
VELOCITY AND OTHER
RATES OF CHANGE
Example 13:
Suppose it costs:
3 2
c x x 6 x 15 x
to produce x stoves. c x 3 x 2
12 x 15
If you are currently producing 10 stoves,
the 11th stove will cost approximately:
c 10 3 10 2 12 10 15
300 120 15
The actual cost is: C 11 C 10
$195
113 6 112 15 11 103 6 10 2 15 10 marginal cost
d
sin x cos x
dx
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
Proof
d sin( x h) sin x
sin x lim
dx h 0 h
d sin x cos h sin h cos x sin x
sin x lim
dx h0 h
d sin x (cos h 1) sin h cos x
sin x lim
dx h 0 h
d sin x (cos h 1) sin h cos x
sin x lim lim
dx h 0 h h 0 h
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS = 0 =1
d
sin x cos x
dx
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
Find the derivative of cos x
d cos( x h) cos x
cos x lim
dx h0 h
d cos x cos h sin h sin x cos x
cos x lim
dx h0 h
d cos x (cos h 1) sin h sin x
cos x lim
dx h0 h
d cos x (cos h 1) sin h sin x
cos x lim lim
dx h0 h h0 h
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS = 0 =1
d
cos x sin x
dx
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We can find the derivative of tangent x by using the
quotient rule.
d cos 2 x sin 2 x
tan x
dx cos 2 x
d sin x 1
dx cos x cos 2 x
cos x cos x sin x sin x
sec 2 x
cos 2 x
d
tan x sec 2 x
dx
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivatives of the remaining trig functions can
be determined the same way.
d d
sin x cos x cot x csc 2 x
dx dx
d d
cos x sin x sec x sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
tan x sec 2 x csc x csc x cot x
dx dx
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Definition Jerk
Jerk is the derivative of acceleration. If a body’s position
at time t is s(t), the body’s jerk at time t is
da d 2v d 3s
j (t ) 2 3
dt dt dt
DERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
CHAIN RULE
dy dy du
dx du dx
CHAIN RULE
dy dy du
Chain Rule:
dx du dx
If f g is the composite of y f u and u g x ,
then:
f g
f at u g x gat x f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)
example: f x sin x g x x2 4 Find: f g at x 2
f 0 g 2 cos 0 2 2 1 4 4
CHAIN RULE
f g x sin x 2 4 dy
cos x 2 4 2 x
y sin x 2 4 dx
y sin u u x2 4
dy
dy du cos 22 4 2 2
cos u 2x dx
du dx
dy
cos 0 4
dy dy du dx
dx du dx
dy dy
cos u 2 x 4
dx dx
CHAIN RULE
Here is a faster way to find the derivative:
y sin x 2 4
d 2
y cos x 4 x 4
2
Differentiate the outside function...
dx
At x 2, y 4
CHAIN RULE
d d 2
cos 2 3 x cos 3x
dx dx
d
2 cos 3 x cos 3 x
dx
d The chain rule can be used
2 cos 3 x sin 3 x 3 x more than once.
dx
2 cos 3x sin 3 x 3 (That’s what makes the
“chain” in the “chain rule”!)
6 cos 3 x sin 3 x
CHAIN RULE
Derivative formulas include the chain rule!
d n n 1 du d du
u nu sin u cos u
dx dx dx dx
d du d 2 du
cos u sin u tan u sec u
dx dx dx dx
etcetera…
CHAIN RULE
Find dy
dx
dy
y cos(3x 2 x) sin(3 x 2 x)(6 x 1)
dx
dy
y sin(cos(x)) cos(cos x)( sin x)
dx
dy
y cos3 (4 x3 2 x) 3 cos2 (4 x3 2 x)( sin(4 x3 2 x))(12 x 2 2)
dx
dy
(36 x 2 6) cos2 (4 x 3 2 x)( sin(4 x 3 2 x))
dx
CHAIN RULE
x 3cos t y 2sin t
dx dy dy 2 cos t 2
3sin t 2 cos t cot t
dt dt dx 3sin t 3
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
This is not a function,
x2 y 2 1 but it would still be
nice to be able to find
the slope.
d 2 d 2 d
x y 1 Do the same thing to both sides.
dx dx dx
Note use of chain rule.
dy
2x 2 y 0 dy 2 x
dx dy x
dx 2 y
dx y
dy
2y 2 x
dx
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
4 14 5 3
y x y x
5 5 4 4
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
d2y 3 2
Find 2 if 2 x 3 y 7 .
dx
y 2 x x 2 y
3 2 y
2x 3y 7 y2
6 x 6 y y 0
2 2x x 2
y 2 y
y y
6 y y 6 x 2 Substitute y
2 2
2x x x
6 x 2 y 2
y y y y back into the
6 y equation.
x2 2x x 4
y y 3
y y y
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
q p
y x Differentiate with respect to x
q 1 dy p 1
qy px Solve for dy/dx
dx
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
dy px p1 Substitute for y
q1
dx qy
dy px p1
Remove parenthesis
dx q( x p / q ) q1
p 1
dy px
p p / q Subtract exponents
dx qx
dy px p1( p p / q ) dy p ( p / q )1
x
dx q dx q
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
x
Look at the graph of ye
If we assume this to be
The slope at x = 0 true, then:
appears to be 1. 0 h 0
e e
lim 1
h 0 h
definition of derivative
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Now we attempt to find a general formula for the
x
derivative of y e using the definition.
d x e xh e x e h
1
dx
e lim
h
x
e lim
h
h 0 h 0
e x eh e x
lim
h 0 h This is the slope at x = 0, which
we have assumed to be 1.
x eh 1
lim e
h 0
h x
e 1 e x
d x
dx
e e x
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
x
e is its own derivative!
d x ln a
e d u du
dx
dx
u
a a ln a
dx
d
e x ln a
x ln a
dx
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
d u u du d du
e e
dx
u u
a a ln a
dx
dx dx
d d ln x 1 d 1 1
log x ln x
dx dx ln10 ln10 dx ln10 x
The formula for the derivative of a log of any base
other than e is:
d 1 du
log a u
dx u ln a dx
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
d u u du d du
e e
dx
u u
a a ln a
dx
dx dx
d 1 du d 1 du
ln u log a u
dx u dx dx u ln a dx
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Find y’
2x 2x
ye y ' 2e
x2
y3 x2
y ' 3 ln(3)(2 x)
3 1 2 3
y ln x y ' 3 (3 x )
x x
1 4x 1
y sin (e ) y' 4x
(e )(4)
4x 2
1 (e )
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Logarithmic differentiation
dy
y = xx y 1 ln x
dx
ln y = ln xx
dy
ln y = x ln x x x 1 ln x
dx
1 dy 1
x ln x
y dx x