4 CVP Analysis
4 CVP Analysis
4 CVP Analysis
Chapter 4: Cost-Volume-ProfitAnalysis Slides Prepared by: Scott Peterson Northern State University
Objectives
1. Identify common cost behavior patterns. 2. Estimate the relation between cost and activity using account analysis and the high-low method. 3. Perform cost-volume-profit-analysis for single products. 4. Perform cost-volume-profit-analysis for multiple products.
Objectives
(continued)
5. Discuss the effect of operating leverage. 6. Use the contribution margin per unit of the constraint to analyze situations involving a resource constraint.
Variable Costs
Fixed Costs
Mixed Costs
Scattergraph
High-Low Method
Example: Let total costs at 500 units of output be $150,000 and at 3,000 units of output be $400,000. Calculate variable and fixed costs, respectively.
High-Low Method
Solution: High Low Change Costs: $400,000 $150,000 $250,000 Units: 3,000 500 2,500 Calculate Variable Cost Per Unit: $250,000/2,500 = $100 Calculate Total Fixed Costs: $400,000 (3,000 x 100) = $100,000
High-Low Method
Regression Analysis
Relevant Range
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Profit Equation Breakeven Point Margin of Safety Contribution Margin Contribution Margin Ratio What-if Analysis
X = Quantity of units produced and sold SP = Selling price per unit VC = Variable cost per unit TFC = Total fixed cost
Break-Even Point
TFC/CM(per unit) = Break-Even (units)
X = Quantity of units produced and sold SP = Selling price per unit VC = Variable cost per unit CM = Contribution margin TFC = Total fixed cost
Break-Even Point
Contribution Margin
SP(u) VC(u) = CM (u)
SP = Selling price per unit VC = Variable cost per unit CM = Contribution margin u = per unit
SP = Selling Price per unit VC = Variable Cost per unit CM = Contribution Margin
What If Analysis
Examples include analyzing changes in: 1. Selling price per unit 2. Variable cost per unit 3. Total fixed cost
Multiproduct Analysis
C-V-P applied to multiple products.
1. Contribution Margin Approach (used for similar products). 2. Contribution Margin Ratio Approach (used for substantially different products).
Operating Leverage
Example of Operating Leverage: Firm 1 Firm 2 Sales $10,000,000 $10,000,000 VC 5,000,000 7,000,000 CM 5,000,000 3,000,000 FC 3,000,000 1,000,000 Profit $2,000,000 $2,000,000 Which firm has more?
Constraints
1. A reference to scarce resources. 2. Examples of constraints include manufacturing space, labor, parts and materials etc.. 3. The focus shifts away from Contribution Margin and to the scarce resource or constraint.
Copyright
2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.