Torque Converter

Torque Converter
A torque converter such as that being used by the Shantui dozers,
consist of one pump (Impeller), one turbine and one stator, is known
as a three (3) element, single stage, single phase torque converter.

The Torque converter pump (Impeller) converts the engine output into
kinetic energy of the oil, the turbine again reconverts the kinetic
energy of the oil into mechanical energy to the torque converter
output, the stator redirect the oil which still have some energy back to
the pump.

Pump (Impeller) – Driven from engine

Turbine – Driving the torque converter output shaft
Stator – Stationary
 Torque Converter
External Parts
2
1. Inlet relief valve 3 4 5
2. Outlet relief valve
3. Output shaft
4. Scavenging Pump 1
5. Screen filter
 Torque Converter

4
1
5

External Parts
1. Inlet relief valve
2. Outlet relief valve
3. Output shaft
4. Scavenging pump
5. Screen filter
6. Steering relief valve
 Torque Converter External Parts

Temperature
Torque Converter Sensor
Screen Filter

Scavenging
Pump
 Torque Converter

When the load of bulldozer increase, the speed of bulldozer will reduce. The speed of turbine will
reduce. This moment, the oil energy transmitting by pump is not being reduce to the turbine. The
torque rises in the torque converter. When the oil energy passes through the vane of the turbine,
it still have high energy, now this very high energy of oil is being redirected back to the pump and
increases the oil energy with oil from the pump to the turbine, the oil now entering the turbine will
strike the turbine blades with more greater force increasing the torque in the torque converter. In
this way while the oils flows from the pump to the turbine and the stator and then again back to
the pump, power is transmitted from the pump to the turbine shaft which is the output to the
transmission input.
FUNCTION OF THE TORQUE CONVERTER

1. Change torque automatically by the change of the load.

2. Absorbed the vibration from the engine, lengthen the life of bulldozer.

3. Easy for operation.

4. Easy to repair.

5. Good power transmission capability, driving at slow speed.

6. Start smoothly, eliminates any shocks in power train

7. Fluid coupling between engine and transmission

8. Add to flywheel weight during peak / spike loads on engine

 Torque Converter

Turbine, Stator, Pump

Impeller

MAIN STRUCTURE: Pump (Impeller), Turbine, Stator. The pump, turbine and stator have a lots of
vanes. These vanes are use for transmitting energy to power. (Torque)
 Torque Converter

Rotated by oil Change the Driven by

sent from the oil flow the
pump to direction back engine.
transmit the to the pump
torque to the to increase
output shaft. the torque
output.
STRUCTURE FORM: Three component, single stage, single phase torque converter.
Torque Converter: The sealed cavity is made up of three components: Pump, Turbine,
Stator. Inside of the sealed cavity is pressurized oil. It pressure is controlled by inlet and
outlet relief valves.
 Torque Converter Internal Oil Flow

Pump Turbine

Stator Stator redirecting oil

Turbine back to the pump

Pump
 Torque Converter Power Flow
Flywheel Pump (Turbine)

Housing Pump Turbine

Stator
Stator

Turbine

Power transfer route: Flywheel → Housing → Pump → Turbine → Turbine shaft

 Torque Converter Information

The clearance between pump, turbine and stator is 2mm, it is not link together directly, the
energy is only transforms by oil.

The mechanical energy transforms to hydraulic energy by the pump.

The hydraulic energy transforms to mechanical energy by the turbine.
Various Torque Converters
Torque Converter Components
1. Input drive gear
2. Drive case housing
3. Turbine
4. Housing external
5. Pump
6. Scavenging pump drive gear
7. Stator shaft
8. Housing
9. Coupling
10.Turbine shaft
11. Stator boss
12. Stator
13. Scavenging pump
14. Scavenging pump input drive gear
15. Strainer
16. Drain plug
17. Turbine boss
18. Retainer
19. Pilot
Components of Torque Converter 1
Components of Torque Converter 2
Components of Torque Converter 3
Components of Torque Converter 4
 Torque Converter Valves

Inlet Relief Valve Outlet Relief Valve

Protects Regulate - Control

Inlet Relief valve: Installed at the torque converter inlet oil port. Ensure the oil pressure which is inside the
oil cavity in the torque converter is not higher than 0.87MPa. It protect the torque converter from being
cracked or bursting open . The oil pressure can be lower when carry out a pressure test.

Outlet relief valve: Installed at the torque converter outlet oil port. Ensure the oil pressure which is inside
the oil cavity in the converter is maintained at 0.45MPa. The oil pressure can not be lower than the
specification when carry out a pressure test.
 Torque Converter Valves
Inlet Relief valve Outlet Relief valve

22.Relief valve spool

23.Relief valve spring
24.Regulator valve spool
25.Regulator valve spring

Both valves are relief valves

Torque Converter Oil Ports
Torque Converter Oil Flow
Torque Converter Oil Flow
 Torque Converter Inlet Oil Flow

A. From steering pump

B
B. From transmission modulating valve
A
C. To torque converter inlet
D. To steering case
Torque Converter Inlet Relief Valve
Torque Converter Inlet Relief Valve
Torque Converter Outlet Relief Valve
Torque Converter Outlet Relief Valve
 ANALYSE FOR TORQUE CONVERTER HIGH OIL TEMPERATURES

Normally, Torque Converter Temperature of outlet oil is 115-120 ℃. For a short

time, a higher temperature about 130-135 ℃ is allowed, but if the temperature is
very high for long time, over standard value, the reasons may as follow:

1. Shortage of Oil
Torque converter, transmission, main drive, steering and final drive will take 30% of
engine rated power. This power will transfer to heat energy, and increase the oil
temperature. Therefore it requires enough oil to absorb this heat. If the oil quantity is not
sufficient, the oil temperature will be too high.

2. Oil flow of torque converter inlet is not correct

If torque converter inlet oil flow is not correct and the cause is from dirty oil, the spool of
the inlet valve can be sticking at the relief position, so the oil flow and pressure in the
torque converter will then be too low. None or very little oil will go to the oil cooler and
this leads to a loss of efficiency and also excessive oil temperature.
 ANALYSE FOR TORQUE CONVERTER HIGH OIL TEMPERATURES

3. Oil Pressure of torque converter outlet is incorrect

a) If torque converter outlet oil pressure is to high, (Standard: 0.45 MPa) this will cause
that not the correct amount of oil is returning to the oil cooler, oil is staying to long in
torque converter, higher oil pressures also generate heat, transmission and P.T.O.
lubrication oil is not correct and this also generate heat. The regulator valve needs to be
adjusted or cleaned. The cause will be that the transmission oil temperature will be too
high.

b) If torque converter oil pressure is to low, it can indicates that the torque converter has
to much internal oil leakage. No oil will go to the oil cooler, transmission and P.T.O. will
get damaged from lack of lubrication. The transmission oil temperature will be too high.

c) If torque converter oil pressure is to low, it can indicates that the torque converter
outlet relief valve spool can be sticking at the relief position, this will cause inefficiency of
torque converter and oil inside the torque converter, it will reduce the power output and
cavitations of oil which can damage torque converter components. The transmission oil
temperature will be too high.
 ANALYSE FOR TORQUE CONVERTER HIGH OIL TEMPERATURE

4. Incorrect Operation
a) Excessive use of low engine speed for long time, torque converter will work at low
efficiency. Torque converter will lose more power, and transfer heat energy leading to
high oil temperature.
b) Dozing at short intervals with high volume soil in front of blade, torque converter near
stall speed speeds and reverse of machine to short and oil not giving enough time to
cool down.
c) Slot dozing with high volume of soil in front of blade for long intervals, torque
converter near stall speed for to long period and oil not giving time too cool down.
d) Heavy ripping at too long intervals, torque converter near stall speed for too long
period and oil not giving time too cool down.

5. Hot inlet oil

Transmission clutches or steering clutches slipping and cause the inlet oil temperature to
increase, the oil cooler cannot cope with to high temperature rise and this will lead to
high oil temperature.
 ANALYSE FOR TORQUE CONVERTER HIGH OIL TEMPERATURE

6. Faulty oil cooler

a) Blocked oil cooler water tubes causes incorrect water flow through the oil cooler and
reduce the sufficiency of the oil cooler.
b) Oil cooler by-pass valve stuck open and reduce the oil flow through the oil cooler .
c) Oil cooler thermostat faulty (SD22)

7. Oil viscosity incorrect

Incorrect oil viscosity used in transmission. A low viscosity oil can reduce the torque
converter sufficiency Use only SAE30 viscosity oil in transmission. In very high ambient
temperatures a SAE40 oil can be used. If a multigrade oil are used the oil must never
exceeded 500 working hours.

8. Torque Converter filter screen blocked

A blocked filter screen can cause the torque converter oil not to return back to the
transmission sump, this will cause the flywheel and torque converter to run in oil, this
can cause excessive load on the engine and torque converter, normally the engine will
have lack of power , engine will overheat and torque converter temperature will increase.
ANALYSE FOR TORQUE CONVERTER TEMPERATURE HIGH

9. Steering pump faulty

Worn steering pump or steering pump sucking air will cause insufficient of oil supply to
the torque converter, this will cause the torque converter not to work effective and
reduce the power output and cause cavitations of the oil inside the torque converter and
will damage the torque converter components. Inefficient oil supply to the oil cooler and
also cause damage to the transmission and P.T.O. drive. The transmission oil
temperature will be too high.
7. Scavenge Pump faulty
Scavenge pump faulty and worn can cause the torque converter oil not to return back to
the transmission sump, this will cause the flywheel and torque converter to run in oil, this
can cause excessive load on the engine and torque converter, normally the engine will
have lack of power , engine will overheat and torque converter temperature will increase.
8. Torque converter faulty
Torque converter have internal leakages, can be from leaking seals, loose bolts, drain
plugs missing on pump (Impeller) and internal clearance to large. White metal can
normally be found in filters and screen.
Any Questions?

Thank You