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    Gait

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    Bisma Malik
    This document summarizes gait and walking patterns. It defines gait as the walking pattern that results from a complex, rhythmic and alternating movement of the limbs and trunk. This walking pattern requires four major criteria: equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity, and neurological control. The gait cycle is divided into the stance phase and swing phase. The stance phase occurs when the foot is on the ground and is about 60% of the gait cycle, while the swing phase is when the foot is off the ground and is about 40% of the gait cycle. Within these phases, gait is further divided into initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid

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    Gait

    Uploaded by

    Bisma Malik
    28 views25 pages
    This document summarizes gait and walking patterns. It defines gait as the walking pattern that results from a complex, rhythmic and alternating movement of the limbs and trunk. This walking pattern requires four major criteria: equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity, and neurological control. The gait cycle is divided into the stance phase and swing phase. The stance phase occurs when the foot is on the ground and is about 60% of the gait cycle, while the swing phase is when the foot is off the ground and is about 40% of the gait cycle. Within these phases, gait is further divided into initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid

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    Biomechanics of gait, and Gait abnormalities

    Original Title

    10. Gait

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    This document summarizes gait and walking patterns. It defines gait as the walking pattern that results from a complex, rhythmic and alternating movement of the limbs and trunk. This walking pattern requires four major criteria: equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity, and neurological control. The gait cycle is divided into the stance phase and swing phase. The stance phase occurs when the foot is on the ground and is about 60% of the gait cycle, while the swing phase is when the foot is off the ground and is about 40% of the gait cycle. Within these phases, gait is further divided into initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views25 pages

    Gait

    Uploaded by

    Bisma Malik
    This document summarizes gait and walking patterns. It defines gait as the walking pattern that results from a complex, rhythmic and alternating movement of the limbs and trunk. This walking pattern requires four major criteria: equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity, and neurological control. The gait cycle is divided into the stance phase and swing phase. The stance phase occurs when the foot is on the ground and is about 60% of the gait cycle, while the swing phase is when the foot is off the ground and is about 40% of the gait cycle. Within these phases, gait is further divided into initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid

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    Dr.

    Muhammad Ali-ur-Rasheed
    Lecturer , Department of
    Physiotherapy.
    Sargodha Medical College.
    GAIT

    Walk and gait ??


    Define Gait??
    Walking pattern
    Complex system
    The ability to initiate or terminate
    Gait Cycle - Definitions
    ► Normal Gait =
    Series of rhythmical , alternating movements of the
    trunk & limbs which result in the forward
    progression of the center of gravity
    Series of ‘controlled falls’
    Pre requisite
    There are (4) major criteria essential to walking.

    Equilibrium:
    The ability to assume an upright posture and maintain balance.

    Locomotion:
    The ability to initiate and maintain rhythmic stepping

    Musculoskeletal Integrity:
    Normal bone, joint, and muscle function

    Neurological Control:
    Must receive and send messages telling the body how and when
    to move. (visual, vestibular, auditory, sensori-motor input)
    Phases of Gait
    Step and stride length and stride
    width
    Gait Cycle - Subdivisions:

    A. Stance phase:
    1. Heel contact: ‘Initial contact’
    2. Foot-flat: ‘Loading response’,
    3. Midstance:
    4. Heel-off: ‘Terminal stance’
    5. Toe-off: ‘Pre-swing’
    Gait Cycle - Subdivisions:

    B. Swing phase:
    1. Acceleration: ‘Initial swing’
    2. Midswing: swinging limb overtakes the limb in stance
    3. Deceleration: ‘Terminal swing’
    ► Time Frame:
    A. Stance vs. Swing:
    ► Stance phase = 60% of
    gait cycle
    ► Swing phase = 40%
    B. Single vs. Double support:
    ► Single support= 40% of
    gait cycle
    ► Double support= 20%
    ► With increasing walking speeds:
    ► Stance phase: decreases
    ► Swing phase: increases
    ► Double support: decreases

    ► Running:
    ► By definition: walking without double support
    ► Ratio stance/swing reverses
    ► Double support disappears. ‘Double swing’ develops
    Saggital kinematics
    Initial contact
    (Heel strike)

    Hip 25-30 flexion


    Knee 0-5
    Ankle 0 (90)

    Muscle work
    Stabilizers
    Loading Response Phase
    (Heel Strike to Foot Flat)
    KNEE: 0° → 15° flexion
    ANKLE: 0° → 10° plantar flexion
    1st rocker : Calcaneus

    Muscle work
    Quards ---Eccentric
    DF….Eccentric
    T.Antand Post….Eccentric
    Hip extensors
    Mid stance
    (Foot Flat to mid stance)
    HIP: 25° → 0°
    KNEE: 15° →0°
    ANKLE: 10PF→5°dorsiflexion
    2nd rocker ankle

    Muscle work
    Hip extensors
    Soleus and gastro…eccentric
    Terminal Stance
    Mid stance to Heel off
    HIP: 0 - 20° Ext.
    KNEE: 0°
    ANKLE: 5° → 10°DF
    At end of terminal stance, Begin
    3rd rocker MTP

    Muscle work
    Planter flexors
    No quards and hamstring
    Pre swing
    (Heel Off to Toe Off)

    HIP: 20° Ext → 0°F


    KNEE: 0° → 40°F
    ANKLE: 10° dorsi flexion → 20°
    plantar flexion

    Muscle work
    Planter flexors
    Push off
    Passive knee flexion
    Initial swing
    Toe Off to early
    HIP: 15 °F
    KNEE: 60°F
    ANKLE: 10° plantar flexion

    Muscle work

    Hip flexors
    Knee flexors
    DF
    Mid swing

    HIP: 25 °F
    KNEE: 25°F
    ANKLE: 0°

    Muscle work
    Hip flexors
    Quards
    Terminal Swing
    Mid-swing-deceleration

    HIP: 25 °F
    KNEE: 0°-5
    ANKLE: 0°

    Muscle
    Hip extensors
    Hamstring
    Temporal and Distance Factors
    Velocity– 1.46 m/second (3.26 miles/hour)
    Step length – 76.3 cm (30.05 inches)
    Cadence – 1.9 steps /second
    Stride length –
    Walking speed – men-110 steps/minute ,
    women-115 steps/minute
    Gait Parameters
    Males Females

    Step Length (cm) 79 66

    Stride Length (cm) 158 132

    Cadence (steps/min) 117 (60-132) 117 (60 132

    Velocity (m/sec) 1.54 1.31

    Walking Base (cm) 8.1 7.1

    Foot angle 7 6
    Control Mechanisms of Gait
    Spinal cord
    1. Pattern generation
    2. Reflex action
    3. Execute other rhythmic movements concurrently
    Brainstem and cerebellum
    4. Improve coordination of activation patterns
    5. Weight support
    6. Active propulsion
    Control Mechanisms of Gait
    Basal ganglion
    1. Dynamic stability
    2. Initiates movement
    3. Terminates movements
    Cortex
    4. Adoptable motor control system to meet goals
    in different types of environments
    Essential Requirements for Successful
    Locomotion
    Progression
    Coordinated and rhythmic pattern of muscle activation in legs
    and trunk
    Requires the ability to initiate and terminate locomotion
    Guide locomotion towards end points that are no t necessarily
    visible
    Stability
    Appropriate posture for locomotion
    Dynamic stability
    Adaptation
    Adaptations to avoid obstacles, navigate uneven terrain, and
    change speed and direction as needed
    Any Question ???
    Thanx

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