L5 - Photosynthesis

THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as

are some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis
– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
Photosynthesis vs Respiration
essentially the
reverse
of each other
Light Energy Harvested by Plants &
Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

REACTANTS PRODUCTS
WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Plant Cells
have Green
Chloroplasts
The thylakoid
membrane of the
chloroplast is
impregnated with
photosynthetic
pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls,
carotenoids).
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE
COLOR NOT ABSORBED
• Chloroplasts
absorb light Reflected
energy and Light light
convert it to
chemical energy
Absorbed
light
Transmitted Chloroplast
light
Pigment
• Substances that absorb visible light
• Different pigments absorb light of different

wavelengths
• Color we see is the color most reflected or

transmitted by the pigment
Why are plants green?
h t
lig
c ted Transmitted light
efl e
R
Chloroplast Pigments
• Chloroplasts contain several pigments
– Chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b
– Carotenoids
– Xanthophyll
Figure 7.7
The feathers of male cardinals
are loaded with carotenoid
pigments. These pigments
absorb some wavelengths of
light and reflect others.
t
e d li g h
e fl ect
R
Sunlight minus absorbed

wavelengths or colors
equals the apparent color
of an object.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
• In most plants, photosynthesis occurs
primarily in the leaves, in the chloroplasts
• A chloroplast contains:
– stroma, a fluid
– grana, stacks of thylakoids
• The thylakoids contain chlorophyll
– Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures
light for photosynthesis
• The location and structure of chloroplasts
Chloroplast
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Thylakoid
Stroma Thylakoid compartment
The Chloroplast
outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
thylakoid
granum
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Photosynthesis is the process by which

autotrophic organisms use light energy to
make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water
Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen

dioxide gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Sunlight provides
ENERGY
CO2 + H2O produces

Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The LIGHT Light
REACTIONS convert Chloroplast
solar energy to
chemical energy NADP
ADP
– Produce ATP & NADPH +P
Calvin
• The CALVIN CYCLE Light
reactions
cycle
makes sugar from carbon

dioxide
– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy for
sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the
light reactions provides the
electrons for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to glucose
LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTION
• The light-dependent reactions use light
energy to make two molecules needed for
the next stage of photosynthesis: the
energy storage molecule ATP and the
reduced electron carrier NADPH. It also
produces Oxygen.
Photosystems
• Photosystems, large complexes of
proteins and pigments (light-absorbing
molecules) that are optimized to harvest
light, play a key role in the light reactions.
• Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II
(PSII).
Photosystems II
• Light absorption in PSII. When light is absorbed by one
of the many pigments in photosystem II, energy is
passed inward from pigment to pigment until it reaches
the reaction center.
• Photolysis of water (an electron donor) produces
oxygen molecules, hydrogen ions and electrons, and the
latter are transferred to the positively-charged chlorophyll
• ATP synthesis. The high-energy electron travels down
an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes,
driving ATP production in a process known
as chemiosmosis.
Photosystems I
• Light absorption in PSI. The electron
arrives at photosystem I and joins the
P700 special pair of chlorophylls in the
reaction center.
• NADPH formation. The high-energy
electron travels down a short second leg
of the electron transport chain.
LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTION
• Produce Oxygen, ATP & NADPH

LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTION
• In the Light-Independent Process (the
Dark reaction/ Calvin Cycle) carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere (or water for
aquatic/marine organisms) is captured and
modified by the addition of hydrogen to
form carbohydrates/glucose.
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTION
• uses energy stored in ATP and NADPH
• produced by the light reactions
• can occur in dark (doesn’t require light directly)

• also occurs during daylight.
• takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts
• outside the thylakoids
“Dark” Reactions
Involves an anabolic
pathway known as the
Calvin cycle:
Calvin • resulting sugars can be
cycle used as a source of
energy or to build other
organic molecules
• From light energy to
chemical energy
Don’t
memorize
this!!
Summary of Photosynthesis
stroma
Summary—Light Dependent
Reactions
a. Overall input
light energy, H2O.
b. Overall output
ATP, NADPH, O2.
Steps of Photosynthesis
• Light hits reaction centers of
chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll vibrates and causes water
to break apart.
• Oxygen is released into air
• Hydrogen remains in chloroplast
attached to NADPH
• “THE LIGHT REACTION”
Summary—Light Independent
Reactions
a. Overall input
CO2, ATP, NADPH.
b. Overall output
glucose.
Steps of Photosynthesis
• The DARK Reactions= Calvin Cycle

• CO2 from atmosphere is joined to H
from water molecules (NADPH) to form
glucose
• Glucose can be converted into other
molecules with yummy flavors!
Review: Photosynthesis uses light
energy to make food molecules
• A summary of
Chloroplast
the chemicalLight
processes of
photosynthesis Photosystem II
Electron
transport CALVIN
chains CYCLE Stroma
Photosystem I
Elec
tron
s
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other
LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE organic
compounds
Take the Quiz!
A chance to get a plus score or exempted
score 
Take the Quiz!
1) What three things do plants need for
the process of photosynthesis?
A.Oxygen and sugar
B.Water, soil, and oxygen
C.Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
D.Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and soil
E.Sunlight, soil, and water
Take the Quiz!
2) What three things do animals need for
the process of cellular respiration?
A.Oxygen and sugar
B.Water, soil, and oxygen
C.Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
D.Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and soil
E.Sunlight, soil, and water
Take the Quiz!
3) If plants breathe in carbon dioxide,
what do they breathe out?
A.Nitrogen
B.Oxygen
C.Carbon monoxide
D.Hydrogen
E.Helium
Take the Quiz!
4) What is the compound that plants use
to absorb the energy from light?
A.Carbon Dioxide
B.H2O
C.Nitrogen
D.DNA
E.Chlorophyll
Take the Quiz!
5) What color is chlorophyll?
A.Red
B.Blue
C.Yellow
D.Green
E.Brown
Take the Quiz!
6) What is the Calvin Cycle?
A.The first stage of photosynthesis that
produces Oxygen, ATP and NADPH
B. Where energy from sunlight is stored in ATP
C.Another name for the light-dependent
reaction
D.It is the second stage of photosynthesis that
produces glucose from CO2
Take the Quiz!
7) What is the light-dependent reaction?
A.Consists of the Photosystems I and II to
produce Oxygen, ATP and NADPH
B.A reaction that needs ATP and NADPH to
produce glucose
C.It is also known as the Calvin Cycle or
Dark Reaction
D.It is the second stage of photosynthesis
Take the Quiz!
8) Where do the light-dependent reaction
occurs?
A.Stroma
B.Thylakoid
C.Grana
D.Cytoplasm
Take the Quiz!
9) Where do the light-independent
reaction occurs?
A.Stroma
B.Thylakoid
C.Grana
D.Cytoplasm
Take the Quiz!
10) True or False: Sunlight is not needed
during the Calvin Cycle phase of
photosynthesis.
A.True
B.False
Answer Keys
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. E
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. A
TASK TO DO:
Spend our asynchronous time to explore
the new DHVSU LMS. Take a picture
(not a screenshot) of yourself while
navigating the new LMS. Submit the
picture on Google Classroom as your
output for this week.
Adjusting means learning, and
learning takes time.

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THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as

(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

energy and Light light

• Different pigments absorb light of different

• Color we see is the color most reflected or

Sunlight minus absorbed

CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space

• Photosynthesis is the process by which

Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen

CO2 + H2O produces

makes sugar from carbon

• Produce Oxygen, ATP & NADPH

• can occur in dark (doesn’t require light directly)

• The DARK Reactions= Calvin Cycle

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