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    Chandeep Singh XI-A Physics

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    chandeep singh
    The Geological Survey of India and the State Department of Mines and Geology in Sikkim have explored and found deposits of several minerals. These include coal, quartzite, talc, dolomite, limestone, marble, base metals like copper and zinc, graphite, sillimanite, and thermal springs. Exploration efforts are ongoing as large parts of the state remain unexplored. The departments have assessed reserves and promoted some mineral development and utilization, such as coal briquettes and marble slabs.

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    Chandeep Singh XI-A Physics

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    chandeep singh
    68 views16 pages
    The Geological Survey of India and the State Department of Mines and Geology in Sikkim have explored and found deposits of several minerals. These include coal, quartzite, talc, dolomite, limestone, marble, base metals like copper and zinc, graphite, sillimanite, and thermal springs. Exploration efforts are ongoing as large parts of the state remain unexplored. The departments have assessed reserves and promoted some mineral development and utilization, such as coal briquettes and marble slabs.

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    The Geological Survey of India and the State Department of Mines and Geology in Sikkim have explored and found deposits of several minerals. These include coal, quartzite, talc, dolomite, limestone, marble, base metals like copper and zinc, graphite, sillimanite, and thermal springs. Exploration efforts are ongoing as large parts of the state remain unexplored. The departments have assessed reserves and promoted some mineral development and utilization, such as coal briquettes and marble slabs.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    68 views16 pages

    Chandeep Singh XI-A Physics

    Uploaded by

    chandeep singh
    The Geological Survey of India and the State Department of Mines and Geology in Sikkim have explored and found deposits of several minerals. These include coal, quartzite, talc, dolomite, limestone, marble, base metals like copper and zinc, graphite, sillimanite, and thermal springs. Exploration efforts are ongoing as large parts of the state remain unexplored. The departments have assessed reserves and promoted some mineral development and utilization, such as coal briquettes and marble slabs.

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    of 16

    MINERALS FOUND IN SIKKIM

    Efforts by: Chandeep Singh


    Class: XI-A
    Roll no: 8
    Status of Mineral Development in
    Sikkim
    • The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has completed systematic
    geological mapping of 90 % of accessible land on 1:50000 scale and
    carried out mineral exploration mostly around parts of South, West
    and East Sikkim.
    • The State Department of Mines, Minerals and Geology has been
    working on site specific geological & geo - technical study, on a
    prioritized basis, both the agencies have found large deposits of low
    value - high bulk minerals besides base metal occurrences mostly
    within the Daling Group of rocks called Gorubathan Formation.
    • The activities of the GSI and the State Department of Mines and
    Geology are reviewed periodically and monitored during Central
    Geological and State Geological Board meetings. Despite efforts by
    the Department of Mines, Minerals & Geology, Government of Sikkim
    and the GSI, large areas of the State remains unexplored. However,
    occurrence of the following minerals have been studied.
    Coal Quartzite Talc
    MINERALS
    FOUND IN Dolomite &
    Marble Base Metal
    SIKKIM Limestone

    Thermal
    Graphite Sillimanite
    Springs
    Coal
    • There are no coal fields as such in Sikkim, however coal occurrences are
    widespread in the so called ' Rangit Tectonic Window' zone. Detailed studies by
    G.S.I. around Namchi, South Sikkim, established a reserve of 1.40 Lakh tonnes
    of coal.
    • The State DMG carried on further studies on coal & promising areas have been
    identified. Coal Reserve of nearly 70,000 tonnes at Reshi (South Sikkim) has
    been established and coal samples from the area was analyzed at the CMPDIL,
    Ranchi for test domestic consumption in the form of co - cakes/ coal briquettes.
    • The Institute developed honey - comb coal briquettes using 75 % Sikkim coal
    plus other high volatile coal from elsewhere and oxidants / additives. The
    thermal yield of the briquettes so developed comes to 5,2000 K.Cal / Kg which
    is better than the thermal tiled of firewood (3,500 K/Cal/Kg).
    • Besides such test, the departmental Scientists developed indigenous
    handmade briquettes successfully by blending local coal with clay, and
    additives.
    Location Fixed Ash % VM % Moisture %
    Carbon
    Reshi ( South 49.70 43.30 4.40 2.60
    Sikkim)

     Sikkip 68.40 25.70 2.20 3.70

    Nandugaon 69.40 24.30 3.20 3.10

    Namchi 53.40 39.50 3.40 3.70

    The proximate analysis of coal in different


    regions of Sikkim
    Quartzite

    • Occurrences of high grade quartzite with over 90


    % silica has been found in parts of East, West &
    South Sikkim.
    • The quartzite occurrence at Ranikhola - Mansari
    area of West Sikkim was mined commercially, and
    the mine is being considered for revival.
    • Estimated mineable reserve of some 70,000
    tonnes at the area lies unexploited. 
    SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O Na2O LOI

    91.68 0.37 0.02 Trace 0.06 Trace  Trace 0.03 0.18


    to 98.97 to to to to to to to
    2.98 1.68 0.89 2.11 0.89 0.95 0.88

    The overall chemical composition variation


    according to CG & CRI, Calcutta
    Talc

    • Talc in Sikkim has been found as


    intercalations in quartzite deposit of
    Ranikhola - Mansari area of West Sikkim.
    • As estimated reserve of about 80,000 tonnes
    of the mineral lie in the leased area of M/S
    Sikkim Pvt. Ltd. and some more are being
    mined by rat hole mining by villagers for
    export to Siliguri.
    Dolomite & Limestone

    Sikkim has extensive deposits with


    bands of dolomite limestone in Rangit
    Valley Tectonic Window. Exploratory
    work has been done by G.S.I. and the
    State DMG.  Dolomite Limestone
    Marble

    • Sikkim is endowed with sizeable deposits of marble


    around Tsungthang, Tsongo and Tolong. Much attention
    was paid to this mineral for viable commercial
    exploitation.
    • Presently the mineral is being tested and studied in
    detail for use as cut and polished slabs.
    • The test samples compare with the marble slabs in the
    market. Other possible use of this resources is in the
    manufacture of cement, calcium carbide, chemicals etc.
    Base Metals
    • As regards to ploy metalliferous deposits in the State, Copper- Lead-
    Zinc deposit at Bhotang, Rangpo, has been under exploitation by
    Sikkim Mining Corporation.
    • Other base metal deposit under consideration for exploitation by the
    Government is the Dikchu Copper - Zinc project. The techno - feasibility
    study of the project was done by the Mineral Exploration Corporation
    of India.
    • The total ore reserve, according to MECL, is about 0.45 million tonnes
    containing 2.82 % Cu and 0.90 % Zn. Out of the total ore reserve, about
    0.30 million tonnes contains an average of 3% Cu and 1 % of which falls
    under the developed and proved category.
    • The investigated lode extends for about 564 meters in length, 100
    meters in vertical depth & 1.25 meters in thickness. The test carried out
    on bulk samples of ore from Dikchu gave 90 - 93 % recovery copper in
    the concentrate.
    Graphite

    • Graphite in Sikkim occurs over parts of West and North


    Districts.
    • Workable occurrences are located at Chitre - Dariely &
    Dentam - Uttarey area of West Sikkim.
    • The graphite is made up of 40 - 60 % fixed carbon.
    Beneficiation is necessary for commercial exploitation.
    Sillimanite

    • Investigation of sillimanite around head waters of


    Roathak Khola show occurrences of the mineral in the
    form of boulders and in - situ lensoidal bodies.
    • The boulders alone show a tentative reserve of over 1000
    tonnes. Samples from the area on analysis show mineral
    falling within grade II.
    • Reported occurrences of Sillimanite / Kyanite bearing
    schist in the high grade biotite of Changey Khola needs
    further studies.
    Thermal Springs

    • There are atleast eight known thermal springs in Sikkim.


    Of them, Phurtsachu, Borong and Polot in South Sikkim,
    Yumthang, Tarum and Tolung of North Sikkim are well
    known ones.
    • The springs are being monitored from time to time
    unlike the perennial source of cold springs which are
    monitored and water tested frequently.
    Acknowledgement 

    I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my


    Physics teacher Mrs. Nidhi Yadav who gave me the golden
    opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
    “MINERALS FOUND IN SIKKIM”, which also helped me in
    doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many
    new things I am really thankful to her.
    Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends
    who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
    limited time frame.
    THANKS FOR
    WATCHING

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