TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a

population. This conjecture may or may not be
true.
The problem in a hypothesis test is to decide
whether the null hypothesis should be rejected in
favor of the alternative hypothesis.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Two types of statistical hypotheses:
• The null hypothesis, , is a statistical hypothesis that
states that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or that there is no
difference between two parameters.
• The alternative hypothesis, , is a statistical
hypothesis that states the existence of a difference
between a parameter
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Illustration 1
A medical researcher is interested in finding out
whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned
with the pulse rate of the patients who take the
medication. Will the pulse rate beats per minute,
increase, decrease, or remain unchanged after a patient
takes the medication?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses for this situation would be

and
This test is called a TWO-TAILED TEST.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Illustration B
A chemist invents an additive to increase the
life of an automobile battery. If the mean lifetime
of the automobile battery without the additive is
36 months, then what are the hypotheses in this
situation?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses for this situation would be

and
This test is called a RIGHT-TAILED TEST.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Illustration C
A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by
using a special type of insulation in houses. If the
average of the monthly heating bills is , then what
will be her hypotheses about heating costs with
the use of insulation?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses for this situation would be

and
This test is called a LEFT-TAILED TEST.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Two-tailed test Right-tailed test Left-tailed test

The null and alternative hypotheses are stated together, and

the null hypothesis contains the equals sign, as shown (where
represents a specified number).
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each conjecture.
1. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the
birth weight of the babies will increase. The average birth weight of
the population is pounds.
2. An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be
decreased in a manufacturing process of compact disks by using
robots instead of humans for certain tasks. The mean number of
defective disks per is .
3. A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will change
the results of the test. The psychologist is not sure whether the
grades will be higher or lower. In the past, the mean of the scores
was .
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Possible outcomes of a Hypothesis test

• A type I error occurs if

you reject the null
hypothesis when it is true.

• A type II error occurs if

you do not reject the null
hypothesis when it is false.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
A statistical test uses the data obtained from a
sample to make a decision about whether the null
hypothesis should be rejected.

The numerical value obtained from a statistical

test is called the test value.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
• The level of significance is the maximum probability of
committing a type I error. That is, .
• The probability of a type II error is denoted by . That is, .
• The critical value C.V. separates the critical region from
the noncritical region.
• The critical or rejection region is the range of values of
the test value that indicates that there is a significant
difference and that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
A one-tailed test indicates that the null
hypothesis should be rejected when the test value
is in the critical region on one side of the mean. A
one-tailed test is either a right-tailed test or left-
tailed test, depending on the direction of the
inequality of the alternative hypothesis.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Critical and Noncritical Regions for (Right-tailed Test)
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Critical and Noncritical Regions for (Left-tailed Test)
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
In a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis should
be rejected when the test value is in either of the
two critical regions.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Critical and Noncritical Regions for (Two-tailed Test)
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The -value (or probability value) is the probability
of getting a sample statistic (such as the mean) or a
more extreme sample statistic in the direction of the
alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.

Decision Rule:
• If -value , reject
• If -value , do not reject
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
Step 1 State the hypotheses.
Step 2 Decide on the significance level, .
Step 3 Compute the test value.
Step 4 Find the critical value(s) or the -value from the
appropriate table.
Step 5 Make the decision to reject or not reject the null
hypothesis.
Step 6 Summarize the results.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Outcomes of a Hypothesis-Testing Situation for Two Specific
Cases
Test for a mean
The test is a statistical test for the mean of a
population. It can be used when , or when the
population is normally distributed and is
known. The formula for the z test is
Test for a mean
Illustration 1
The leader of the association of jeepney drivers claims that
the average daily take home pay of all jeepney driver in
Butuan City is ₱. A random sample of jeepney driver was
interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these
drivers is found to be ₱. Use significance level to find out
the average daily take home pay of jeepney drivers is
different from ₱. Assume that the population standard
deviation is ₱.
Test for a mean
Illustration 2
A researcher wishes to see if the mean number of
days that a basic, low-price, small automobile sits on a
dealer’s lot is . A sample of automobile dealers has a
mean of days for basic, low-price, small automobiles.
At , test the claim that the mean time is greater than
days. The standard deviation of the population is days.
Test for a mean
Illustration 3
The head of the Math department announced that the mean
score of Grade students in the third quarter examination in
Statistics was and the standard deviation was . One student
who believed that the mean score was less than this,
randomly selected students and computed their mean score.
She obtained a mean score of . At level of significance, test
the student’s claim.
Test for a mean
The test is a statistical test for the mean of a
population and is used when the population is
normally or approximately normally distributed,
and is unknown. The formula for the test is

The degrees of freedom is .

The distribution
The distribution is similar to the standard normal
distribution in the following ways:
1. It is bell-shaped.
2. It is symmetric about the mean.
3. The mean, median, and mode are equal to and
are located at the center of the distribution.
4. The curve never touches the axis.
The distribution
The distribution differs from the standard normal
distribution in the following ways:
1. The variance is greater than .
2. The distribution is a family of curves based on
the degrees of freedom, which is a number
related to sample size.
3. As the sample size increases, the distribution
approaches the normal distribution.
Test for a mean
Illustration 1
A history teacher claims that the average height of Filipino males
is cm. A student taking up Statistics randomly selects Filipino
males and measures their heights in cm are shown below.

Do the collected data present sufficient evidence to indicate that the

average heights of Filipino males is different from cm? Use level
of significance and assume that the population follows a normal
distribution.
Test for a mean
Illustration 2
It was announced over the radio that the average price of a
kilogram of pork liempo in Metro Manila is ₱. However, a
sample of prices randomly collected from different markets
in Metro Manila showed an average of ₱ and a standard
deviation of ₱. Using a level of significance, is there
sufficient evidence to conclude that the average price of pork
liempo in Metro Manila is more than ₱? Normality is
assumed over the population.
Test for a mean
Illustration 3
The average family size of the Philippines was
reported as . A random sample of families
selected at random families in a particular street
resulted the mean of and . At , does the
average family size is less than the national
average?
On Central limit theorem
• For a large population that is not normally distributed, the
Central Limit Theorem applies as long as the size of the
samples is sufficiently large. In some cases, the population is
not normally distributed and the is unknown. In these cases,
the sample standard deviation is a good approximation
substitute for the unknown .
• If , it is considered sufficiently large. Use the test.
When to use or test
• If is known, use the test. The variable must be normally
distributed if .
• If is unknown but , use the test.
• If is unknown and , use the test (The population must be
approximately normally distributed.
GUIDELINES FOR values
• If value , reject the null hypothesis. The difference is
highly significant.
• If value but value , reject the null hypothesis. The
difference is significant.
• If value but value , consider the consequences of type I
error before rejecting the null hypothesis.
• If value , do not reject the null hypothesis. The difference
is not significant.
exercises
1. A researcher estimates that the average height of the
buildings of or more stories in a large city is at least ft. A
random sample of buildings is selected, and the heights in
feet are shown. At , is there enough evidence to reject the
claim?
exercises
2. A researcher claims that the average cost of men’s athletic
shoes is less than . He selects a random sample of pairs of
shoes from a catalog and finds the following costs (in
dollars). (The costs have been rounded to the nearest dollar.)
Is there enough evidence to support the researcher’s claim at
? Assume .
exercises
3. The average local cell phone call length was reported to be
minutes. A random sample of phone calls showed an average of
minutes in length with a standard deviation of minute. At can it
be concluded that the average differs from the population
average?
4. A researcher wishes to see if the mean number of days that a
basic, low-price, small automobile sits on a dealer’s lot is . A
sample of automobile dealers has a mean of . At , test the claim
that the mean time is greater than days. The standard deviation
of the population is days.
Test for a proportion
A hypothesis test involving a population proportion can
be considered as a binomial experiment when there are only
two outcomes and the probability of a success does not
change from trial to trial. For the binomial distribution, the
mean is and the standard deviation is .
Since a normal distribution can be used to approximate the
binomial distribution when and , the standard normal
distribution can be used to test hypotheses for proportions.
Test for a proportion
Formula for the test for proportions

where
(sample proportion)
population proportion
sample size
Test for a proportion
Illustration 1
Before the Mayweather-Pacquiao Fight of the
Century, of the people in Manila said that they
preferred boxing over basketball. After the fight, out of
randomly selected people in Manila, said they
preferred boxing over basketball. Does this indicate
that people in Manila are losing interest in boxing?
Use level of significance.
Test for a proportion
Illustration 2
It is believed that in the coming election, of the voters in
the province of Pampanga will vote for the administration
candidate for governor. Suppose out of the randomly
selected voters indicated that they would vote for the
administration candidate. At level of significance, find out
whether the percentage of voters for the administration
candidate is different from .
exercises
1. A report by the NCAA states that of football injuries occur
during practices. A head trainer claims that this is too high for
the conference, so he randomly selects injuries and finds that
occurred during practices. Is his claim correct, at ?
2. Health issue due to being overweight affect all age groups. Of
children and adolescents years of age, are found to be
overweight. A school district randomly sampled in this age
group and found that were considered overweight. At , is this
less than the national proportion?